ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER TEORİLERİ I

The Great Britain

Liberalism

Economic sructuralism

stability

to build more factories

The IMF

Baidu

They create job opportunities for many people.

crisis

The illicit market

IPE developed as a sub-field of International Relations during the Cold War years (1945-1991), particularly in the 1970s, but it has especially become a more distinct discipline in the post-Cold War era. The correct answer is C.

Throughout the 19th century, it became necessary for European industrialized nations to expand their markets globally in order to sell products that they could not sell domestically in their countries. Besides, businessmen and bankers had excess capital to invest, and foreign investments offered the incentive of greater profits, despite the risks. The need for cheap labor and a steady supply of raw materials necessitated that the industrial nations maintain firm control over these unexplored areas. The era of colonialism brought about serious consequences, changing both Western society and its colonies. Through it, Western countries managed to establish a global economy in which the transfer of goods, money, and technology needed to be regulated in an orderly way to ensure a continuous flow of natural resources and cheap labor for the industrialized world. Yet colonialism adversely affected the colonies. Under foreign rule, local economies could not find a chance to grow. Imported goods wiped out local ones. This way, powers held back the colonies from developing industries. The correct answer is E.

The liberal approach can perhaps be best summarized by the writings of Adam Smith who argues that the key to national wealth, and therefore national power, is economic growth. The key to economic growth is free trade, the free flow of goods, services and investment across borders. Hence, political leaders should allow trade among nations to expand and keep government intervention in that trade down to a minimum. This means that imports and exports should flourish with as little restriction as possible. The correct answer is A.

Statements A, D, and E reflect the views of Economic Nationalism while C supports Economic Liberalism. Marx and Engels maintained that advanced capitalism divides people into several classes, two of which are especially important: the capitalists and the workers, or the rich and the poor. The capitalists own everything, have all the power and all the money, whereas the workers do all the work, but have no power and no money. The correct answer is B.

Until the First World War, most countries in Europe were on the gold standard. Yet with the war, the system collapsed, because of the declining power of Great Britain and of the terrible economic conditions during and after the war. Even though there were some efforts to return to the safety of the gold standard in the second part of the 1920s, this did not last long due to the stock market crash, or the Great Depression, in late 1929. The Great Depression was the worst economic crisis in the history of the industrialized world, lasting from 1929 to roughly 1939. The correct answer is D.

With the intention of realizing these goals, the Bretton Woods Agreement was signed on July 22, 1948, whereby the so-called Bretton Woods system came into being. Under the agreement, currencies were pegged to the price of gold, and the United States dollar was seen as a reserve currency linked to the price of gold. In 1958, the Bretton Woods system became fully functional, as national currencies became convertible. In order to convert currencies, countries settled their international balances in dollars, while United States dollars were fully convertible to gold. Keeping the price of gold fixed and adjusting the supply of dollars was the responsibility of the United States. The correct answer is D.

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) aimed at promoting liberal economic principles, such as non-discrimination in trade, support for foreign enterprises, preferential access to developed markets, and so on. In short, the GATT was essentially a series of multilateral trade negotiations, with an aim to stimulate international trade by lowering trade barriers. In 1995, the GATT became a formal institution, renaming itself as the World Trade Organization (WTO). Representing states that conduct over 90 percent of the World’s trade, the WTO has the task of implementing the Uruguay Round, serving as a forum for trade negotiations and providing a venue for trade review. Choices D and E are not Bretton Woods institutions. The correct answer is A.

The Commonwealth of Independent States, or CIS, was formed during the disintegration of the Soviet Union by some of the former Soviet republics. The CIS is comparable to a very loose association of states and in no way comparable to a federation or a confederation The correct answer is B.

As opposed to the predominant win-win nature of conventional trade interactions, special concerns have arisen about trade competition in high-tech sectors, such as telecommunications, advanced materials, computers, bio-chemicals, and so on. Economies of scale dictate that only a few countries actually enjoy the presence of a critical industry that has important economic and defense ramifications. For instance, the United States, Japan, Russia, European countries, and other great powers all want to be the major producers in telecommunications, microelectronics, military equipment, and other advanced products. The correct answer is C.

The G20 is made up of 19 countries and the European Union. The 19 countries are Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Germany, France, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The correct answer is E.