ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER TEORİLERİ I

There are actually three sub-theories of Marxism, the theory of alienation, the labor theory of value, and the materialist conception of history.

Dialectics is a term used to describe a method of philosophical argument
that involves some sort of contradictory process between opposing sides.

Unlike Hegel’s dialectic, which operates essentially on ideas, Marx’s dialectic is actually materialist. In other words, while Hegel examines ideas apart from the people who have them, Marx’s materialism puts ideas back into the heads of living people, focusing on human activities, especially on production.

This system of labor displays four relations that lie at the core of Marx’s theory of alienation: First, the worker is alienated from his or her productive activity, playing no part in deciding what to do or how to do. Second, the worker is alienated from the product of that activity, having no control over what happens to it. Third, the worker is alienated from other human beings, with competition and mutual indifference. This applies not only to relations with the capitalists, who use their control over the worker’s activity and product to further their own profit maximizing interests, but also to relations between individuals inside the working class as everyone tries to survive as best as he or she can. Finally, the worker is alienated from the distinctive potential for creativity and community.

False consciousness, in Marxist philosophy, refers to the notion that members of the proletariat unwittingly misperceive their real position in society and systematically misunderstand their true interests within the social relations of production under capitalism. False consciousness, to Marx, denotes people’s inability to recognize inequality, oppression, and exploitation in a capitalist society (www.britannica.com).

A. Gramsci developed the concept of “cultural hegemony”, through which capitalism perpetuates itself.

Isolationism, in a generic sense, refers to a national policy of avoiding political or economic entanglements with other countries.

In this respect, Marx argues, the actual course of history is determined by class struggle.

Most postmodernists argue that popular culture exists independent of capitalist control and is used by people. There are also free individuals who do not necessarily feel exploited and who are, indeed, quite happy to identify themselves through the products they buy from the capitalist system. To them, classes are generally irrelevant to their lives.

North-South division refers to the structural inequalities in the international economy.

capitalism

alineation

Surplus

The socialist revolutions in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe led to greater equality and freedom.

exploitation

Neo-Marxism

Cultural hegemony

Internalization of a country’s economy leads to a higher standard of living.

The United States

Commerce