ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER TEORİLERİ I

(1) faith in human rationality, 

(2) capability of maintaining peace, 

(3) ability to overcome anarchy and power politics,

(4) peace enhancing effects of trade. Correct answer is E.

There are six key concepts of classical liberal philosophy that are commonly mentioned by the liberal writers, these are; individualism, freedom, natural law, spontaneous order, rule of law and limited state

Freedom is the area where the individual is free to act, without violating the rights of others. The classical liberals emphasize the importance of protection from intrusion and interference by others.

Freedom is comprised of all personal liberties known as “personal security under the law” (protecting life of an individual), the freedoms of private property and contract, religious belief, intellectual inquiry and expression. Liberalism strongly argues for the protection of a large private sphere for the individual, whereas living together with others necessitates compliance with general rules which are required to maintain justice and order, both in domestic and international spheres

Free market is the most widely used spontaneous order in liberal studies, as a type of regularity in human affairs and a product of evolution of social practices. Thus, it is an outcome of human experience and collective result of trial and errors.

The related assumptions are based on the “laissez faire” (non-intervention) understanding so that state acts as an arbiter in disputes between individuals and ensures the conditions under which individuals can enjoy their rights.

In this connection, classical liberals accept that order is possible as a result of customs, traditions and societal institutions. Smith’s explanation of the free market and his famous example the invisible hand denotes such understanding. Free market then is all about the bartering and division of labor inherent to humans. The self interest of the humans have resulted in a system whereby other individuals could also find products and services for their consumption. The relationship between liberty, economic growth and progress were thought as the unintended consequences of the human action and evolved into the capitalist system.

By the same token, classical liberals valued sovereignty of nations, and humanitarian intervention was not their concern. They believed that the developed countries could be models for less free countries through international trade and cultural exchange. States communicate and negotiate through diplomacy and this maintains the stability. In the Grotian view, diplomacy is the bond between members of international society that converge around common norms and goals that is international law (rule of law at international level). Due to the anarchical nature of the international system that lacks a central authority, international law is enforced by the states themselves and the different interpretations of rules may lead to conflicts. Generally, states recognize that it is in their interest to conform to international law. According to classical liberalism, international law must be restricted to the international protection of individual rights. This has been the ground for the establishment of the international governmental organizations since the nineteenth century.

Ernst Haas was the one putting forward the assumptions of "neofunctionalism".

The most well-known liberal internationalist Wilson in the aftermath of the WWI argued for a system of collective security to maintain peace, based on rule of law, instead of the old balance of power mechanism.

Robert Keohane listed three strands of classical liberal theory as (1) commercial liberalism about the pacific effects of trade, (2) democratic liberalism about pacific effects of republican governments, (3) regulatory liberalism about rules and institutions for relations between countries. Joseph Nye has added a fourth one (4) sociological liberalism about the effects of transnational ties on national attitudes and interests.

The term interdependence (mutual dependence) entered the liberal terminology and was followed by the term transnationalism, which further supported liberalism’s pluralistic nature as regards international actors. The rise of the multinational corporations (MNCs) in world politics and their business transactions across the national boundaries of sovereign nation states increased the interest towards international political economy. The transgovernmental coalitions of the MNCs began to have steering role in economics and were closely related with politics as studied by Nye and Keohane.

As regards global governance, from a normative point of view, what is needed is a “new globalizm” based on principle of equality of peoples and civilizations. 

With the increase in complex interdependence, neoliberal institutionalists have invented a concept known as “global governance” in order to define these networks of interdependence wherein state boundaries still matter. What these scholars expect is increasing institutionalization in different issueareas like trade, finance, environment, security and health under effects of globalization

Among his generalizations for the regularities observed within the industrialized-pluralistic nations (such as the case of economic integration of Western Europe) were:

(1) interests of the governments and groups in direction of interdependence and mutual benefits

(2) collective decisions,

(3) spill-over and

(4) the faith of elites in increased integration.