ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER TEORİLERİ I

In classical liberalism, individual is the main object of study (unit of analysis), not groups, societies or nations. The correct answer is B.

There are six key concepts of classical liberal philosophy that are commonly mentioned by the liberal writers, these are; individualism, freedom, natural law, spontaneous order, rule of law and limited state. Priority of national interests is one of the concepts of classical realism. The correct answer is A.

Politics

individual

Natural order

nationalism

Cold War

realists

Its lack of a development-centered approach

Commercial

Realism

conflicts among the countries

The liberal thinkers discuss that international cooperation, just like conflict, emanates from the anarchic nature of the international system and argue that IR is an amalgam of conflictual and collaborative relations. Liberal tradition is cooperative in its nature because of its emphasis on human freedom which is thought to cumulate through cooperation, interaction and interdependence. Another assumption of the theory is that political and economic behaviors cannot be seperated from each other. The correct answer is B.

There are six key concepts of classical liberal philosophy that are commonly mentioned by the liberal writers, these are; individualism, freedom, natural law, spontaneous order, rule of law and limited state. According to classical liberal writers, social phenomena can only be understood through the study of the individual behavior and this gives the theory its voluntaristic characteristic. The classical liberals emphasize the importance of freedom; protection from intrusion and interference by others. The natural law denotes the customs and practices that serve as the general conditions to be preserved. Another key concept used by liberals is the spontaneous (natural) order which is composed of informal tacit contracts such as customs or conventions. The state is a set of governmental institutions and is a political entity.  According to classical liberals, the sovereign (state) has three duties; (1) protection of its people from invasion of other states, (2) protection of each individual in society from oppression of other member(s) including protection of property and (3) provision of public services and sustainability of the societal institutions important for both individual freedom and peaceful coexistence. The correct answer is D.

According to the liberal theory of international relations, any treats to free market can lead to conflicts and also threaten world peace and democracy. Economic organizations interfere with the free market, so they are not in conformity with the classical liberal tradition. The correct answer is C.

Functionalism, neo-functionalism, interdependence and transnationalism are all terms drived from the liberal internationalism. Global governance is a theory coined by neoliberal institutionalists. The correct answer is E.

Through liberal lenses, cooperation is a positive-sum game which means that all participants benefit from its priviliges, outcomes. This is called as absolute gains (where all can win) opposed to the relative gains perspective of the realist assumption as regards nature of cooperation (where gains of one party mean losses for others). Opposing to the realist dedication to nation-state as the focus of analysis, in liberal view, the political processes are foci and are formed through competition and cooperation among individuals and groups as agents (representing both state and non-state actors). According to liberal writers, structural theories such as neorealism lack a theory of preferences. In this connection, realism is criticized to be incapable of explaining globalization since it ignores the transnational societal interaction among agents. On the other hand, liberalism also takes policy interdependence into consideration. This is why the neoliberal view of power politics is not only prone to studying cooperation but is also applicable to the analysis of conflict. The correct answer is C.

There are three variants of neoliberal theory, ideational, commercial and republican. Ideational liberalism discusses the effects of the conflict and compatibility of collective social values and identities as regards public (collective) goods provision (like geographical border, political decision-making processes and socioeconomic regulation) on state behavior. Commercial liberalism is about the effects of gains and losses of the people in transactional economics on the state behavior. Finally, republican liberalism is about the effects of the variants of democratic representation and rent- seeking on state behavior. Regulatory and sociological liberalism are strands of classical liberal theory. The correct answer is E.

Liberal tradition has four main assumptions: (1) pluralist image of world politics where states, non-state and transnational entities are important actors (2) economic interdependence or interconnectedness where network of states, governmental and non-governmental organizations, multinational corporations, groups and individuals turn into a global civil society that has a pacifying affect on states (3) an extensive agenda composed of all issue areas not limited with military and security issues but involving economic, social and environmental ones (4) individual level of analysis, opposed to a top-down analysis of structural realism and analysis of decision-making processes with an eye to individual, social, cultural differences. The correct answer is A.

Functionalism, neo-functionalism, transnationalism and interdepence are all theories and terms coined by liberal internationalists and they focus mainly on the importance of international cooperation and collaboration. Regime theory, on the other hand, is an outgrowth of neoliberal institutionalism and puts forth that social institutions govern the actions in the international arena. The correct answer is D.