ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER TEORİLERİ I

According to classical or structural realism, 

The correct answer is B.

The ideas and works of Kant, Hume, and Locke influenced and developed liberalism, where as the Karl Marx was influencial in Marksist theory. Machiavelli is the founder of classical realism. The correct answer is C.

Realist approaches focus on the security problems of the states in the anarchical nature of the international system, and pluralists research on how to realize peace and cooperation in the face of multi actors and their interdependent relations in terms of economic, political and social fields. Globalism tries to explain war and peace through economic reasons, war and conflicts emanate from contradictions of capitalism. The correct answer is A.

Rationalism has adopted deduction as a scientific method that depends on the reason and intuition as well as a source of knowledge rather than observation and experiment and it is called as a priori knowledge. The correct answer is C.

Among the theories of knowledge, empiricism as a way of reaching-knowledge, the basic assumption is that true knowledge can only be acquired through senses and observations. So, empiricists don’t accept a priori knowledge. Positivism is distinguished by four important assumptions. First of these is the belief about the uniqueness of science. According to this assumption which is called as naturalism in philosophical language, there is no important difference between natural world and social world and through the methodology of natural science, social world can be analyzed. Second assumption is that there should be a distinction between facts and values. In terms of philosophy, this point of view which is known as objective position assumes that objective knowledge can be attained by scientific methods despite the existence of subjective factors influencing the research. Third assumption is based on the belief that as in the universe or natural world, there are also regularities in the social world. In this way, as research is carried out, either deductive or inductive methods are employed. According to the final assumption, research must be based on the methods of empirical verification or falsification. The answer is D.

Indeed, realism, liberalism and Marxism are the fundamental divisions which are very common in different studies. On the other hand, Shimko used the basic division of realism and liberalism and further elaborated it with the division as Machiavellianism, Grotianism and Kantianism. Moreover, approaches about post-positivism and post-modernism remained only as intellectual contentions rather than a framework for analysis to be applied to the scientific research in the field of IR. The correct option is A.

Realism depicted the international politics as a struggle for power and interest, and states as unitary actors capable of rational decision making. According to all realists, basic agenda of IR are security issues, thus political and military issues are primary topics and top issues in the hierarchy among the topics of the agenda. One of the important premises of realism (particularly neo-realism) is the anarchical structure of the international system. There is no central authority to govern the relations among states. Whereas for idealists, the norms and rules which are relevant to international law and international organizations should be applied to international relations for preserving peace and order. According to realism, states are the major actors of international politics. Their interests and the rivalry for getting more powerful, shapes politics. Multinational companies (MNCs) and international organizations are not assumed as actors of international politics. The correct option is D.

This Kantian Liberalism approach sees international relations (IR) as a cooperation process, and there are certain rules restricting the states to use power rather than to see the international relations as a war among gladiators or struggle of interest between states as in the Hobbesian thought. According to this approach, there is no anarchy and no state of war in IR. Peace is the main focus for international relations. The correct option is C.

As realist approaches focus on the security problems of the states in the anarchical nature of the international system, and pluralists research on how to realize peace and cooperation in the face of multi actors and their interdependent relations in terms of economic, political and social fields, globalist approaches criticize the reasons behind the underdevelopment of Third World countries in Asia, Latin America and Africa while other countries get richer. According to the Marxist theories focusing to explain war and peace through economic reasons, war and conflicts emanate from contradictions of capitalism. The correct option is D.

Transnationalism as a new paradigm was encouraged by the developments such as emergence of new actors and state-centric approach lost its attractiveness. In the field of IR, the number of actors increased and differentiated extending from individual to the larger international social organizations. The critics focusing on state-centric paradigm intensify as international relations get more transnational and the numbers of actors increase. After 1970’s a group of scientists led by J. Nye, R. Keohane and K. J. Holsti claimed clearly the invalidity of the state-centric approaches as a result of globalization and emerging non-state actors. While state-centric paradigm focused on subjects such as security and stability, Wallerstein and Galtung proposed “dependency” and Keohane and Nye offered interdependency and transnationalism as conceptual frameworks whereby military and security issues are no longer main subjects. The correct option is E.

states

Kantian

Marxist

ignored

Famine

The level of analysis is a subject of study in IR. In general there are two or three levels such as system and state or system, state and individual. The correct option is B.

Among the theories of knowledge, empiricism as a way of reaching-knowledge, the basic assumption is that true knowledge can only be acquired through senses and observations. So, empiricists don’t accept a priori knowledge, instead knowledge can only be gained by experience and the consequences of empirical observations. The correct option is B.

Rationalism is represented by certain philosophers belonging to Cartesian School such as Descartes, Leibniz and Spinoza. It should be noted that Grotius and Kant also contributed significantly to this philosophical approach as well as they did in the field of IR. However, traditional pragmatism particularly depends on the views of American philosophers such as William James (1842-1910), Charles Peirce (1839-1914) and John Dewey (1859-1952). The correct option is A.

Third epistemology besides empiricism and rationalism is pragmatism. It in fact represents a midway approach between empiricism and rationalism. As experiment and observation are made by researchers, they regard the importance of reasoning and the difference from rationalist experiments and observations-causes the change of belief and values of the human being which may be relative. For pragmatics emphasizing on the inextricability of theory and observation, there can be more than one theory at a time and the researcher can be forced to choose one of them. Moreover, pragmatism, as a different approach from other epistemologies, assumes that every belief or assumption is questionable and might change if necessary. According to pragmatism, our beliefs influence our actions directly and orientate them to a certain way. The correct option is E.

Assumptions of both traditional and behavioural approaches are in particular factual and verified by empirical data as well as employing objective methods. So, they have positivist features. Assumptions of both of these approaches to a certain extent escape to be subjective and are free from artificial judgements. Whether they are notified either traditional or scientific, basic premises of these approaches are value free and are based on verification of factual hypotheses. For this reason, they differ from normative approaches. The correct option is E.