ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER TEORİLERİ I - Deneme Sınavı - 19

This Kantian Liberalism approach sees international relations (IR) as a cooperation process, and there are certain rules restricting the states to use power rather than to see the international relations as a war among gladiators or struggle of interest between states as in the Hobbesian thought. According to this approach, there is no anarchy and no state of war in IR. Peace is the main focus for international relations. The correct option is C.

The British East India Company was set up on December 31, 1600 for the exploitation of trade with Southeast Asia and India. Starting as a monopolistic trading body, the company became involved in politics and acted as an agent of British imperialism in India from the early 18th century to the mid-19th

The economic liberals believe that individuals act in rational ways to maximize their self-interests, that when individuals act rationally, markets are created to produce goods and services that people need, and that market functions best when it is free of government interference. At the macro level, international wealth is believed to be maximized with free exchange of goods and services on the basis of comparative advantage.

For the liberals, nations can and should be specialized in certain arenas. For instance, the United States has huge amount of land and great soil, thus it can produce food. Gulf countries have oil, so they can produce oil. Japanese and South Korean companies can get into shipbuilding, while Chinese can make inexpensive, labor-intensive products. David Ricardo (1772-1823) calls this “comparative advantage”. That is, states should produce and export those products which they can produce most efficiently, relative to other states.

The nationalists believe that closing off an economy to external influences can be beneficial to growth and economic progress. Also the nationalists see companies as elements of state power.Besides, the nationalists believe that closing off an economy to external influences can be beneficial to growth and economic progress. The nationalists also believe that free trade only benefits the wealthiest, most advanced nations.  In head-to-head competition, the advanced industries can easily defeat the less advanced industries. Therefore, infant industries should be protected by the state from foreign competition, or else, they simply perish. This does not mean putting an end to trade with other nations. It means protecting industries that are identified as being infant but crucial to national power.

Within the structuralist approach, there are actually two sub-approaches: the Marxist approach, which rejects capitalism completely, and the dependency approach, which aims to reform it.

The liberal approach can perhaps be best summarized by the writings of Adam Smith (1723- 1790), a famous English economist. Smith argues that the key to national wealth, and therefore national power, is economic growth. The key to economic growth is free trade, the free flow of goods, services and investment across borders.

Delegates from 44 countries met in the United States, in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire in July 1944. The main goals were to ensure a foreign exchange rate system, prevent competitive devaluation, encourage international trade, and eventually promote economic growth. With the intention of realizing these goals, the Bretton Woods Agreement was signed on July 22, 1948, whereby the so-called Bretton Woods system came into being. In 1958, the Bretton Woods system became fully functional, as national currencies became convertible.

Even though the Bretton Woods monetary system itself collapsed , the so-called Bretton Woods institutions, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), now the World Trade Organization (WTO), have survived, still directing international trade and finance to a great extent. The IMF was designed to monitor exchange rates, secure financial stability, and promote sustainable economic growth by providing policy, advice and financing the members and by working with developing nations to help them achieve macroeconomic stability.

Some liberal economists go further than extolling the economic benefits of MNCs, pointing a positive relationship between the international liberal economy and peace. It is argued that through enhanced international trade and growing interdependence, national differences would vanish and increasing economic well-being would eventually lead to world peace (Mingst and Arreguin-Toft, 2011).

Globalization is, in a generic sense, a process of interaction among people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment.

The term “English School” was first coined by Roy Jones in a 1981 article titled as “The English School of International Relations: A Case for Closure”. Jones argued that a group of scholars, basically gathered at London School of Economics, could be taken as forming a distinct school of international relations and this school could be named as “English School”.

Jones argued that a group of scholars could be taken as forming a distinct school of international relations and this school could be named as “English School”. According to Jones, there were four defining elements shared by the authors of this school: 1) English school scholars consider International Relations (IR) as an autonomous subject rather than being a part of (International) Politics. 2) They examine order in the world in terms of the structure of relations between sovereign nation-states. 3) They have a common style that involves no use of statistics, geometry and algebra, no rhetoric of world problems, such as poverty and monetary reform. 4) The English School has a commitment to holism in the sense that the whole is more than the mere summation of its parts.

One of the important premises of realism (particularly neo-realism) is the anarchical structure of the international system. There is no central authority to govern the relations among states. In such an international environment, naturally providing security becomes the main concern of states. States have to deal with their own security problem that is called as the rule of “self help”. Since all states behave the same way, no state can attain utmost security; rather feed the insecurity for all states that is called as the security dilemma

In terms of theory of knowledge, in the history of philosophy or history of scientific thought, it can be stated that there have been three perspectives or three theories of scientific knowledge in order to answer the question: what is scientific knowledge? The correct is A.

The term “English School” was first coined by Roy Jones.He argued that a group of scholars, could be taken as forming a distinct school of international relations and this school could be named as “English School”. Hidemi Suganami agreed with Jones on the existence of a distinct school and called it as “British institutionalist approach”. Sheila Grader directly took the issue with Jones’ article and disagreed with him on the existence of a distinct English School. Peter Wilson replied to Grader and formidably argued for the existence of a distinct English School. Also Tim Dunne had no doubt about the existence and significance of the School.

A convenient date for the beginning of the English School is 1959 when the British Committee on the Theory of International Politics (hereafter, the British Committee) first met at the Peterhouse College of Cambridge University.The year 1959 is a reasonable date because the three conditions for the definition of a school (commonality of views, self identification, and recognition by the community) were in a sense satisfied with the establishment and the works of the British Committee.

The British Committee emerged as a result of ironically an American initiative. Kenneth Thompson, whom was a member of the (American) Committee on the Theory of International Politics founded in 1954, suggested the idea as he thought that a similar committee in Britain would help the study of international relations.

The founding members of the British Committee were Herbert Butterfield (historian), Martin Wight (IR Scholar), Desmond Williams (historian), Michael Howard (military historian), Geoffrey Hudson (historian), Donald McKinnon (philosopher), William Armstrong (economist from the Treasury Department), Adam Watson (diplomat), and Hedley Bull (IR scholar).