ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER TEORİLERİ I - Deneme Sınavı - 16

LIBERAL AND REALIST APPROACHES TO REGIMES

Liberal institutionalists
1 Regimes enable states to collaborate.
2 Regimes promote the common good.
3 Regimes flourish best when promoted and maintained by a benign hegemon.
4 Regimes promote globalization and a liberal world order.

Therefore, the correct option is C.

LIBERAL AND REALIST APPROACHES TO REGIMES

Realists
1 Regimes enable states to coordinate.
2 Regimes generate differential benefits for states.
3 Power is the central feature of regime formation and survival.
4 The nature of world order depends on the underlying principles and norms of regimes.

Therefore, the correct option is A.

Keohane elaborating the concepts of hegemony and cooperation in the study titled as “After Hegemony”, stated that hegemonic leader would assist to establishing order. As well, he noted that hegemony and cooperation would not be opposite concepts since most of the international cooperation was raised in post-Second World War era, in which American hegemonic leadership was an issue. Therefore, the correct option is B.

IRT is a theory to explain the peace and cooperation among nations. As it is known, peace and order can only be explained by realist writers through the concepts of national interest and selfish interest, but functional theories explain it through the benefits of international organizations. On the other hand, according to liberals, peace and order can only be achieved by the increase in the number of democratic states. Therefore, the correct option is B.

Theory of International regimes has been criticized in different aspects, some of these critiques are acceptance of the states as basic actors and ignorance of the non-state actors. While the advocators of regime theories reply that even these actors might be influential in political process, in final stage the states do make the decision as a dominant actor in IR, which are determined through power relations. Some critics of the theory claim that regime theory can only be applied to liberal states. But the defenders of this theory respond that all states, more or less at least for some issues, would need a regime in IR. As noted earlier, increasing economic welfare and security concerns would enforce the states to sacrifice some of their powers emanating from sovereignty. Therefore, the correct option is D.

Theory of International regimes has been criticized in different aspects, some of these critiques are acceptance of the states as basic actors and ignorance of the non-state actors. While the advocators of regime theories reply that even these actors might be influential in political process, in final stage the states do make the decision as a dominant actor in IR, which are determined through power relations. Some critics of the theory claim that regime theory can only be applied to liberal states. But the defenders of this theory respond that all states, more or less at least for some issues, would need a regime in IR. As noted earlier, increasing economic welfare and security concerns would enforce the states to sacrifice some of their powers emanating from sovereignty. Therefore, the correct option is A.

Every human being was seen as a citizen of the world in his capacity of “reason” regardless of bloodlineage and racial origins.

Normative theories, essentially are related with the subjects of philosophy and ethic. Perpetual peace approach of Kant and European federation idea of J. J. Rousseau were interesting examples for normative studies.

Normative theories rest on value preferences which cannot be tested or verified with factual experiments and this is an important difference from empirical/positivist theories. Moreover, they are not concerned with the proposition related to “what is” but “what ought to be, what should be”.

However, either normative theories or empirical theories are also criticized for some perspectives. In other words, both have certain weaknesses. Since normative theories are claimed to be utopist and idealist and empirical theories too, they are condemned to be over factual for consideration of being scientific.

Normative writers criticize the relativist approach and if everything is accepted to be relative, then nothing would have any concrete meaning. On the other hand, those scholars that base their arguments on relativism refuse cosmopolitanism. In other words, they do not accept the universality of some values. Universal law, natural law, universal peace, universal morality, universal human rights are not accepted by them. What Cicero is ultimately saying here and elsewhere is that there is the law of nature, and there is human nature. These are of necessity harmonious with each other (and, ultimately, the same thing) because both reflect the will of a benevolent Supreme Being who creates and governs the universe.

It is the meta-ethical position that some system of ethics, or a universal ethic, applies universally, that is, for “all similarly situated individuals”, regardless of culture, race, sex, religion, nationality, sexual orientation, or any other distinguishing feature. Moral universalism is opposed to moral nihilism and moral relativism.

The approach of social contract is another important approach which should be regarded for normative thought. According to Locke and Rousseau, by forming a higher authority, individuals would accept voluntarily to leave their certain rights to preserve their freedoms and security (freedom of life). Social contract theory depends on the assumption that the individuals might voluntarily bind themselves to the certain principles. From this point, like stag hunt model of game theory, individuals would sacrifice their small satisfactions to reach a highest satisfaction.

For utilitarianism, the social and individual interests overlap (harmony of interest thesis). As individual might seek for his own interest, he would play for the increment of the interest of society. And as he works for the happiness for himself, he works for the happiness of other people. Utilitarian philosophy assumes that the individual who works for his own utility, automatically works for the utility of community.

The prohibition against the use of force amongst States and the exceptions to it (self-defence and UN authorization for the use of force), set out in the United Nations Charter of 1945, are the core ingredients of jus ad bellum.

The principle of non-intervention involves the right of every sovereign State to conduct its affairs without outside interference; …“the principle forbids all States or groups of States to intervene directly or indirectly in the internal or external affairs of other States” and that “a prohibited intervention must accordingly be one bearing on matters in which each State is permitted, by the principle of State sovereignty, to decide freely. Intervention is wrongful when it uses methods of coercion in regard to such choices, which must remain free ones.”

The liberal approach can perhaps be best summarized by the writings of Adam Smith (1723-1790), a famous English economist. Smith argues that the key to national wealth, and therefore national power, is economic growth. The key to economic growth is free trade, the free flow of goods, services and investment across borders.The correct answer is "A".