ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER TEORİLERİ I - Deneme Sınavı - 13

The British Committee emerged as a result of ironically an American initiative. Kenneth Thompson, whom was a member of the (American) Committee on the Theory of International Politics founded in 1954, suggested the idea as he thought that a similar committee in Britain would help the study of international relations.

The founding members of the British Committee were Herbert Butterfield
(historian), Martin Wight (IR Scholar), Desmond Williams (historian), Michael Howard (military historian), Geoffrey Hudson (historian), Donald McKinnon (philosopher), William Armstrong (economist from the Treasury Department), Adam Watson (diplomat), and Hedley Bull (IR scholar).

English School and Constructivist School too have similarities and differences. They both strive to show the social bases of international relations and for both of them society is constructed with norms and institutions. They also stress the
significance of norms and other ideational factors such as identity and values. Yet again there are key differences. As Buzan (2014, 33) pointed out the
“English School has its main roots in the study of history, political theory and international law, whereas Constructivism grew out of debates about epistemology and method.

Peter Wilson (1989) replied to Grader and formidably argued for the existence of a distinct English School.He identified six characteristics of the School.

Indeed, several authors consciously associated with each other and identified themselves as members of the English School from the first generation scholars of the 1950s to 1970s such as Herbert Butterfield, Martin Wight, Hedley Bull, Adam Watson, Michael Donelan, Roy J. Vincent; to the second generation scholars emerging with the 1990s onwards such as Barry Buzan, Tim Dunne, Peter Wilson, Hidemi Suganami, Nicholas Wheeler and Robert Jackson, to name but a few.

A convenient date for the beginning of the English School is 1959 when the British Committee on the Theory of International Politics (hereafter, the British Committee) first met at the Peterhouse College of Cambridge University.

Empirical theories intensify on the real reasons of relations between statesmen and foreign policy.

Normative theories, essentially are related with the subjects of philosophy and ethic. Perpetual peace approach of Kant and European federation idea of J. J. Rousseau were interesting examples for normative studies.

According to Hobbes, good or bad are relative concepts and consequently there is no absolute good and absolute bad. There are no sensible and objective criteria to divide the good and bad; in contrast, it depends subjectively to the individuals themselves.

Natural law moral theory, the moral standards that govern human behavior are, in some sense, objectively derived from the nature of human beings and the nature of the world.

According to Kant, an individual has the freedom to choose right, ethic and moral, and his behaviors are not determined in advance. But, he has responsibilities and obligations to perform and to obey to the ethical laws accepted as right by universal reason. The ethical laws are known to individuals, and they are universally obligatory rules for all humankind.

In the writings of Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), it is claimed that the principle of utilitarianism (principle of pleasure and satisfaction) should be obeyed to reach to the best.

Social contract theory depends on the assumption that the individuals might voluntarily bind themselves to the certain principles.

The approach of social contract is another important approach which should be regarded for normative thought. According to Locke and Rousseau, by forming a higher authority, individuals would accept voluntarily to leave their certain rights to preserve their freedoms and security (freedom of life).

The principle of non-intervention involves the right of every sovereign State to conduct its affairs without outside interference.

In particular, according to realist writers, in a real world, sovereign state seeks to increase its power. States looking for power and national interest are not expected to be ethical. Moreover, since there must be numerous moral principles depending on the number of sovereign states, a universal normative theory which is valid for all states is not plausible to establish.

IPE developed as a sub-field of International Relations during the Cold War years (1945-1991), particularly in the 1970s, but it has especially become a more distinct discipline in the post-Cold War era. The correct answer is C.

Throughout the 19th century, it became necessary for European industrialized nations to expand their markets globally in order to sell products that they could not sell domestically in their countries. Besides, businessmen and bankers had excess capital to invest, and foreign investments offered the incentive of greater profits, despite the risks. The need for cheap labor and a steady supply of raw materials necessitated that the industrial nations maintain firm control over these unexplored areas. The era of colonialism brought about serious consequences, changing both Western society and its colonies. Through it, Western countries managed to establish a global economy in which the transfer of goods, money, and technology needed to be regulated in an orderly way to ensure a continuous flow of natural resources and cheap labor for the industrialized world. Yet colonialism adversely affected the colonies. Under foreign rule, local economies could not find a chance to grow. Imported goods wiped out local ones. This way, powers held back the colonies from developing industries. The correct answer is E.

The liberal approach can perhaps be best summarized by the writings of Adam Smith who argues that the key to national wealth, and therefore national power, is economic growth. The key to economic growth is free trade, the free flow of goods, services and investment across borders. Hence, political leaders should allow trade among nations to expand and keep government intervention in that trade down to a minimum. This means that imports and exports should flourish with as little restriction as possible. The correct answer is A.

Statements A, D, and E reflect the views of Economic Nationalism while C supports Economic Liberalism. Marx and Engels maintained that advanced capitalism divides people into several classes, two of which are especially important: the capitalists and the workers, or the rich and the poor. The capitalists own everything, have all the power and all the money, whereas the workers do all the work, but have no power and no money. The correct answer is B.