ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER TEORİLERİ I - Deneme Sınavı - 12

Until the First World War, most countries in Europe were on the gold standard. Yet with the war, the system collapsed, because of the declining power of Great Britain and of the terrible economic conditions during and after the war. Even though there were some efforts to return to the safety of the gold standard in the second part of the 1920s, this did not last long due to the stock market crash, or the Great Depression, in late 1929. The Great Depression was the worst economic crisis in the history of the industrialized world, lasting from 1929 to roughly 1939. The correct answer is D.

With the intention of realizing these goals, the Bretton Woods Agreement was signed on July 22, 1948, whereby the so-called Bretton Woods system came into being. Under the agreement, currencies were pegged to the price of gold, and the United States dollar was seen as a reserve currency linked to the price of gold. In 1958, the Bretton Woods system became fully functional, as national currencies became convertible. In order to convert currencies, countries settled their international balances in dollars, while United States dollars were fully convertible to gold. Keeping the price of gold fixed and adjusting the supply of dollars was the responsibility of the United States. The correct answer is D.

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) aimed at promoting liberal economic principles, such as non-discrimination in trade, support for foreign enterprises, preferential access to developed markets, and so on. In short, the GATT was essentially a series of multilateral trade negotiations, with an aim to stimulate international trade by lowering trade barriers. In 1995, the GATT became a formal institution, renaming itself as the World Trade Organization (WTO). Representing states that conduct over 90 percent of the World’s trade, the WTO has the task of implementing the Uruguay Round, serving as a forum for trade negotiations and providing a venue for trade review. Choices D and E are not Bretton Woods institutions. The correct answer is A.

The Commonwealth of Independent States, or CIS, was formed during the disintegration of the Soviet Union by some of the former Soviet republics. The CIS is comparable to a very loose association of states and in no way comparable to a federation or a confederation The correct answer is B.

As opposed to the predominant win-win nature of conventional trade interactions, special concerns have arisen about trade competition in high-tech sectors, such as telecommunications, advanced materials, computers, bio-chemicals, and so on. Economies of scale dictate that only a few countries actually enjoy the presence of a critical industry that has important economic and defense ramifications. For instance, the United States, Japan, Russia, European countries, and other great powers all want to be the major producers in telecommunications, microelectronics, military equipment, and other advanced products. The correct answer is C.

The G20 is made up of 19 countries and the European Union. The 19 countries are Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Germany, France, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The correct answer is E.

Keohane (1993:23) argues that “regime theory is a theory for explaining and understanding the international cooperation intending the coordination and harmonization of interest among nations."

Hurrell (1993:50) argues that regime theories introduce the possibility of cooperation in an environment of anarchy in which sovereign states are struggling for power and interest.

Rosecrance argues that regime is thought as a result of consent of states and the limited surrender for independent decision making authority.

Conca (1996) argues that regime can be defined in narrow and broader meanings.

According to Krasner (1982: 186), regime can be described as explicit and implicit rules, norms, principles and decision making procedures related to a certain subject in international relations.

Young (1991: 93) argues that regimes are social institutions and structures created to regulate the behaviors of states for a certain phenomenon.

According to Little (2014:290), that "regimes enable states to coordinate" is a realist approach, not a liberalist approach.

According to Little (2014:290), that "regimes promote the common good" is not a realist approach but a liberal approach.

According to Haas (1991: 23-24), regimes are products of efforts to conciliate the conflicting interests, and also consequences of developments through which mutual interdependencies would increase the cost for conflicting relations among nations.

According to Little (2014:290), that "regimes promote globalization and a liberal world order" is a liberal approach, not a realist approach.

Cosmopolitanism is the idea that all of humanity belongs to a single global community. Every human being was seen as a citizen of the world in his capacity of “reason” regardless of bloodlineage and racial origins. The thinkers of the Enlightenment, such as Kant, in the eighteenth century, embraced this idea. With the rise of Imperialism and Nationalism in the nineteenth century, however, cosmopolitanism was criticized as an unrealistic, utopian vision.

Cicero (BC 106-43) who is an important philosopher in the western thought stated that true law is a law in coincidence with the nature. Cicero pointed out that a single justice depending on single law is valid for all society. For him, if there was not justice in the nature, it would not be known as the concept of justice (Viotti and Kauppi, 1993: 533).

In Kantian idealism, there is an understanding of cosmopolitan international society which is composed of individuals, states and other actors adopting ethical principles. Right reason which has a different character transcends the law made by states, necessitates to fulfill states’ responsibilities stemming from universal law. This indicates the way toward the state of perpetual peace. A world federation formed by peaceful states was introduced by Kant as a recipe to solve the security demands of states (Viotti and Kauppi, 1993: 533).

In the writings of Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), it is claimed that the principle of utilitarianism (principle of pleasure and satisfaction) should be obeyed to reach to the best. For utilitarianism, if fundamental institutions are reshaped or reconstructed for providing the highest satisfaction, then it is certain that the society is regulated rightly.