ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER TEORİLERİ I - Deneme Sınavı - 15

Positivism

commanded

Pragmatism

Post-modernism

According to all realists, basic agenda of IR are security issues, thus political and military issues are primary topics and top issues in the hierarchy among the topics of the agenda. The correct is B.

The correct option is B. One of main premises of pluralism is that state is no longer the only actor, rather there are many political actors in international system which are known as nongovernmental organizations or civil society organizations operating at local or international levels. For realist approaches, the states are rational and state interest is the basis for political process as well as military and security issues being main agenda of international relations. Whereas, for pluralists, the subject of rationality of states is a contentious issue, noting the plurality of agenda in the international system.

According to the Marxist theories focusing to explain war and peace through economic reasons, war and conflicts emanate from contradictions of capitalism. Based on these ideas, imperialist powers seek to divide the world among them hence conflicts become inevitable in the form of struggle for colonies.The correct is C.

After 1970s, a group of scientists claimed clearly the invalidity of the state-centric approaches as a result of globalization and emerging non-state actors. While state-centric paradigm focused on subjects such as security and stability, the others offered interdependency and transnationalism as conceptual frameworks whereby military and security issues were no longer main subjects. Concepts such as inequality and exploitation were increasingly discussed. Paradigm debate began with the rejection of assumptions adopting the state as a basic actor.

Among the theories of knowledge, empiricism as a way of reaching-knowledge, the basic assumption is that true knowledge can only be acquired through senses and observations. So, empiricists don’t accept a priori knowledge, instead knowledge can only be gained by experience and the consequences of empirical observations. In the beginning, when human was created, reason was empty like a tabula rasa or a blank sheet that nothing was written on. The correct is E.

According to pragmatism, our beliefs influence our actions directly and orientate them to a certain way. If the impact of beliefs over our actions lead to the success and effectiveness of our behaviors then it is acceptable. Therefore, beliefs and theories are evaluated according to the contribution to the realization of the supposed research purposes; this can only be learned and tested through experience. The accuracy of an opinion or thought can only be understood by looking at the success in practice. This is briefly called as pragmatist verification.

Post-modernism can be identified among them as an approach challenging the scientific and social standpoints of modernism. In fact, it is an alternative effort not only related with the international relations but all social and natural sciences. It rejects the traditional approaches which are concerned with the general principles and universal rules that science and society would be managed by.

International Relations as a discipline was born following the devastation and trauma of the First World War (WWI).

The classical liberalism can be traced back to ancient thinkers and has its roots in the Stoic philosophy. It was developed as a “political” theory in the 17th century.

There are six key concepts of classical liberal philosophy that are commonly mentioned by the liberal writers, these are; individualism, freedom, natural law, spontaneous order, rule of law and limited state.

Stoicism is a school of thought which argues that human beings are all part of a larger community despite their different political entities and cultures.