ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER TEORİLERİ I - Deneme Sınavı - 11

Through liberal lenses, cooperation is a positive-sum game which means that all participants benefit from its priviliges, outcomes. This is called as absolute gains (where all can win) opposed to the relative gains perspective of the realist assumption as regards nature of cooperation (where gains of one party mean losses for others). Opposing to the realist dedication to nation-state as the focus of analysis, in liberal view, the political processes are foci and are formed through competition and cooperation among individuals and groups as agents (representing both state and non-state actors). According to liberal writers, structural theories such as neorealism lack a theory of preferences. In this connection, realism is criticized to be incapable of explaining globalization since it ignores the transnational societal interaction among agents. On the other hand, liberalism also takes policy interdependence into consideration. This is why the neoliberal view of power politics is not only prone to studying cooperation but is also applicable to the analysis of conflict. The correct answer is C.

There are three variants of neoliberal theory, ideational, commercial and republican. Ideational liberalism discusses the effects of the conflict and compatibility of collective social values and identities as regards public (collective) goods provision (like geographical border, political decision-making processes and socioeconomic regulation) on state behavior. Commercial liberalism is about the effects of gains and losses of the people in transactional economics on the state behavior. Finally, republican liberalism is about the effects of the variants of democratic representation and rent- seeking on state behavior. Regulatory and sociological liberalism are strands of classical liberal theory. The correct answer is E.

Liberal tradition has four main assumptions: (1) pluralist image of world politics where states, non-state and transnational entities are important actors (2) economic interdependence or interconnectedness where network of states, governmental and non-governmental organizations, multinational corporations, groups and individuals turn into a global civil society that has a pacifying affect on states (3) an extensive agenda composed of all issue areas not limited with military and security issues but involving economic, social and environmental ones (4) individual level of analysis, opposed to a top-down analysis of structural realism and analysis of decision-making processes with an eye to individual, social, cultural differences. The correct answer is A.

Functionalism, neo-functionalism, transnationalism and interdepence are all theories and terms coined by liberal internationalists and they focus mainly on the importance of international cooperation and collaboration. Regime theory, on the other hand, is an outgrowth of neoliberal institutionalism and puts forth that social institutions govern the actions in the international arena. The correct answer is D.

There are actually three sub-theories of Marxism, the theory of alienation, the labor theory of value, and the materialist conception of history.

Dialectics is a term used to describe a method of philosophical argument
that involves some sort of contradictory process between opposing sides.

Unlike Hegel’s dialectic, which operates essentially on ideas, Marx’s dialectic is actually materialist. In other words, while Hegel examines ideas apart from the people who have them, Marx’s materialism puts ideas back into the heads of living people, focusing on human activities, especially on production.

This system of labor displays four relations that lie at the core of Marx’s theory of alienation: First, the worker is alienated from his or her productive activity, playing no part in deciding what to do or how to do. Second, the worker is alienated from the product of that activity, having no control over what happens to it. Third, the worker is alienated from other human beings, with competition and mutual indifference. This applies not only to relations with the capitalists, who use their control over the worker’s activity and product to further their own profit maximizing interests, but also to relations between individuals inside the working class as everyone tries to survive as best as he or she can. Finally, the worker is alienated from the distinctive potential for creativity and community.

False consciousness, in Marxist philosophy, refers to the notion that members of the proletariat unwittingly misperceive their real position in society and systematically misunderstand their true interests within the social relations of production under capitalism. False consciousness, to Marx, denotes people’s inability to recognize inequality, oppression, and exploitation in a capitalist society (www.britannica.com).

A. Gramsci developed the concept of “cultural hegemony”, through which capitalism perpetuates itself.

Isolationism, in a generic sense, refers to a national policy of avoiding political or economic entanglements with other countries.

In this respect, Marx argues, the actual course of history is determined by class struggle.

Most postmodernists argue that popular culture exists independent of capitalist control and is used by people. There are also free individuals who do not necessarily feel exploited and who are, indeed, quite happy to identify themselves through the products they buy from the capitalist system. To them, classes are generally irrelevant to their lives.

North-South division refers to the structural inequalities in the international economy.

capitalism

alineation

Surplus

The socialist revolutions in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe led to greater equality and freedom.

exploitation

Neo-Marxism