ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER TEORİLERİ I - Deneme Sınavı - 10

Cultural hegemony

Internalization of a country’s economy leads to a higher standard of living.

The United States

Commerce

Classic Marxist theory is essentially based on the evolution of capitalism and class conflict in the Western world. The correct answer is A.

Marxism has its main intellectual origins in German philosophy, English political economy, and French utopianism. It is from the German philosopher Georg W. F. Hegel that Marx learned a way of thinking about the world, called “dialectics”. British political economists, especially Adam Smith and David Ricardo, provided Marx with a first approximation of his labor theory of value. Finally from many French utopians, such as Charles Fourier and the Comte de Saint-Simon, Marx borrowed the idea of a happier future beyond capitalism. The correct answer is C.

Lenin’s theory of imperialism revolves around the idea of systematic exploitation of poor economies by rich economies. According to Lenin, monopoly is the key to understand this exploitation in that it represents the highest stage of capitalism.The correct answer is D.

Joseph A. Schumpeter argued that international conflicts certainly precede advanced capitalism and the emergence of advanced capitalist states. Hans J. Morgenthau argued that it is the ruling classes, not the capitalists, in any state who take the decisions to go to war. Raymond Aron, in analyzing the First World War, gives a special importance to the Anglo-German rivalry over arms race and sphere of influence, denying that this had much to do with capitalism. Lenin viewed the First World War as a struggle among the advanced capitalist powers for the control of colonies and markets. The correct answer is E.

Isolationism, in a generic sense, refers to a national policy of avoiding political or economic entanglements with other countries. The correct answer is B.

Cultural hegemony, in a generic sense, is the dominant ideology of the society that reflects the beliefs and interests of the ruling class. More specifically, the term refers to the ability of a group of people to hold power over social institutions, and thus, to strongly influence the values, norms, and worldview of the rest of society. The correct answer is B.

Neo-Marxism focuses especially on the issues of underdeveloped and core-developed country relations. In this regard, many neo-Marxists accuse the West that represents the world capitalist system of keeping underdeveloped countries in a position of subordination and dependence through limiting investments and bribing local elites. The correct answer is D.

World system theory is put forth by Immanuel M. Wallerstein. The correct answer is A.

The North-South division refers to the structural inequalities in the international economy. The North is roughly composed of developed northern hemisphere countries, while the South is comprised of underdeveloped or developing Third World countries. This categorization ignores the geographic position of some countries, such as Australia and New Zealand, taking placing in the South, yet being labeled as part of the North. The developed countries of the North account for over 90 percent of all manufacturing industries in the world. Even though these countries account for only one quarter of the total global population, they control almost 80 percent of the world’s total income. On the other hand, the countries in the South are characterized by low level of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and high population. These countries account for only a fifth of the global income for over three quarters of the global population. The correct answer is A.

The  United Nations' Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in 2000 has a total of eight goals revealed within this program were eradicating extreme poverty and hunger, achieving universal primary education, promoting gender equality and empowering women, reducing child mortality, improving maternal health, combatting fatal diseases, ensuring environmental sustainability, and developing a global partnership for development. The correct answer is D.

International Relations as a discipline was born following the devastation and trauma of the First World War (WWI)

The classical liberalism can be traced back to ancient thinkers and has its roots in the Stoic philosophy. It was developed as a “political” theory in the 17th century by writers like John Locke whose philosophical and theological defense of property rights and religious toleration inspired other liberal thinkers (Thorsen, 2010, 191).

There are six key concepts of classical liberal philosophy that are commonly mentioned by the liberal writers, these are; individualism, freedom, natural law, spontaneous order, rule of law and limited state. The different classifications of classical liberalism is based on different interpretations of these six core elements.

Stoicism is a school of thought which argues that human beings are all part of a larger community despite their different political entities and cultures. The equality of people comes from the universal ability of human kind to reason and the applicability of natural law. The emphasis on universalism in stoic philosophy affected liberal precursors like Hugo Grotius (17th century) and Immanuel Kant (19th century).

According to classical liberals, the sovereign (state) has three duties; (1) protection of its people from invasion of other states, (2) protection of each individual in society from oppression of other member(s) including protection of property and (3) provision of public services and sustainability of the societal institutions important for both individual freedom and peaceful coexistence (van de Haar, 2009, 30-33). So contrary to realism, state is not a unitary, solitary actor to decide and act independent of the public.

Classical liberalism became dominant ideology in the 18th and 19th centuries in Great Britain and the United States. Smith’s and Ricardo’s works in economics concentrated on the role of the individual entrepreneur, unconstrained by a minimalist state.