ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER TARİHİ

The dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991 is usually considered the event marking the end of the Cold War and the beginning of the post-Cold War period. 

1989 is also known as the annus mirabilis, the year of miracles, as one by one, the communist parties of the Eastern Europe caved to the demands of the reformers in their respective countries, ending the monopoly on power of the Communist Party and paving the way to a more democratically organised polity by the end of 1989.

For John Lewis Gaddis, the end of the Cold War spelled the “triumph of hope”. In a similar tone, and as early as 1989, even before the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Francis Fukuyama argued that history was made as a result of the clash between individualism and collectivism, and that the weakening of communist regimes in the USSR and East Europe meant the defeat of the forces of collectivism and the victory of individualism, i.e., liberalism.

Although the war liberated Kuwait and forced Saddam Hussein to accept UN-imposed sanctions and allow inspectors to check for weapons of mass destruction, it did not remove him as a threat to US interests in the Middle East. Along with Iran, Iraq became part of the US “dual containment strategy.” Though the First Gulf War was over within weeks, America’s account with Saddam Hussein would only be settled by its invasion of Iraq in 2003. 

Therefore, the information given in Option C is wrong.

In June 1991, Slovenia and Croatia declared their independence. The federal army of Yugoslavia initially tried to bring Slovenia and Croatia back into Yugoslavia by force. However, the recognition given to them by European countries and later the US—not to mention the UN peacekeeping forces deployed to monitor the ceasefire established after the withdrawal of the Yugoslav federal army—gave Belgrade no choice but to let Slovenia and Croatia go.

Despite all of Russia’s objections, NATO expanded three times in the decade and a half proceeding the Cold War. In March 1999, Czechia, Hungary, and Poland joined; in 2004 Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia joined; in 2009 Albania and Croatia joined; and in 2017 Montenegro did. 

Therefore, the answer is Poland.

In addition to China, Japan, Hong Kong, India, and Taiwan, countries like South Korea, Singapore, Indonesia, and Malaysia also became the poster children of economic development and high growth rates. For example, Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan were nicknamed the Asian Tigers, while a World Bank Report published in 1993 labeled Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, and Thailand as fostering a broader East Asian Miracle. 

Therefore, China is not one of the countries nicknamed "the Asian Tigers".

Some countries such as Britain, Denmark, and Sweden exercised their right to ‘opt out’ and continue to use their own national currency, further undermining the creation of a full and solid monetary union. Austria, however, uses  'euro'.

The Global Financial Crisis of 2008 started in the US and Britain as a debt crisis in the mortgage market and rapidly turned into an international banking crisis with the collapse of major investment banks such as Lehman Brothers. It also impacted the European banking system and contributed to the outbreak of the European sovereign debt crisis by which heavily indebted Eurozone countries like Greece, Ireland, Spain, and Portugal have been hit hard. Resulting in a great recession and high unemployment rates, the financial crash of 2007-2008 was the most intense since the 1929 Great Depression. 

The Arab Spring began in Tunisia in mid-December 2010 when a street vendor named Mohammed Bouzazi burned himself to death in protest over his maltreatment by the Tunisian police. 

The most important of these effortsvwould be the signing of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty in December 1987 and the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty I (START I) in July 1991, negotiations for which had begun
in 1982.

In his 1991 book, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century, Samuel P. Huntington proudly explained the reasons for the third wave of democratization around the world that had begun in the 1970s.

When viewed from the angle of the debates trying to project the future of the new world order, the First Gulf War was important for several reasons. First, this was the first ever that smart bombs had been used, i.e. precision-guided bombs and missiles tuned with incredible accuracy and were very effective in destroying their intended targets and were crucial to the US-led international
coalition’s swift victory. Second, the war coincided with the development of cable news networks whose 24-hour coverage of the war led to the emergence of the CNN Effect. The CNN Effect is the ability of the news media to shape public opinion, including that of public officials, thus influencing major foreign policy decisions. Third, the success of the international coalition, though able to garner a swift victory against Iraq, triggered false hopes about the role of institutions and major powers to act collectively against a common threat in the post-Cold War order. Finally, though the war liberated Kuwait and forced Saddam Hussein to accept UN-imposed sanctions and allow inspectors to check for weapons of mass destruction, it did not remove him as a threat to US interests in the Middle East. Along with Iran, Iraq became part of the US “dual containment strategy.” Though the First Gulf War was over within weeks, America’s account with Saddam Hussein would only be settled by its invasion of Iraq in 2003.

The element of leadership—the arrival of Mikhail Gorbachev to power in the Soviet Union in March 1985—would be the most important factor that would eventually trigger the series of events leading to the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Intifada is an Arabic term that means “shaking off”.

In March 1999, Czechia, Hungary, and Poland joined; in 2004 Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia joined; in 2009 Albania and Croatia joined; and in 2017 Montenegro did.

In the 2004 enlargement, Cyprus, Czechia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania,
Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia each became members, bringing the total membership to 25, some 453 million people.

The cooperative mood that began with the signing of START I was followed by the signing of START II in January 1993.

Probably, the most visible sign of the shift in global power dynamics is the emergence of the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa). The cooperation initially began between Brazil, Russia, India and China in an informal manner in 2006 and expanded with the inclusion of South Africa in 2011.

The dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991 is usually considered the event marking the end of the Cold War and the beginning of the post-Cold War period. The end of the Soviet Union was not simply the end of the Soviet Union—one of the world’s two superpowers at the time. It also meant the end of the bipolar international system established after World War II, leaving the United States as the sole superpower of the international system and prompting a group of policymakers and scholars alike to trying to (re) define and conceptualize this ‘new world order’— or ‘new world “disorder”’—as others have preferred to name the international system.