ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER TARİHİ

Scholars have focused on three factors to explain the decolonization process in the 20th century.

Holland was colonized by Holland. The other counties were the colonies of Britain.

French African Colonies : Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, and Upper Volta

India declared independence in 1947, which is earlier than other colonies.

The first is internal pressure, which can be evaluated at the local or regional level. Colonized peoples’ demands for reform and independence as well as the rise of anti-colonial political and nationalist movements can be considered as internal pressures against British, Dutch, and French colonial rule (Langenhove, 1961: 405, Betts, 2004: 37). The national politics of colonized powers were shaped upon these internal pressures. • The second is the inability and weakness of colonial powers to rule their colonies. World War II demonstrated that European colonial powers were no longer able to rule their African and Asian colonies. Fonseca and Marcos (2013: 209) argue that “if World War I helped to create local resistance movements against colonialism, it was World War II that destroyed the colonial system itself.” • The third factor is the external pressure which can also be expressed as effects made at the international level, including anti-colonial support from other states and international actors, including the United Nations (UN) (Kay, 1967: 787).

Rwanda gained its independence from Belgium in 1962.

India, Pakistan, Burma, Sri Lanka, Ghana, Malaya, Zaire, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Tanganyika, Uganda, Algeria, Kenya, Zimbabwe were colonized by Britain.

French African Colonies included Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, and Upper Volta.

Portugal colonised Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Cape Verde, Sao Tome, Angola.

Indonesia declared its independence from Indonesia in 1949.

India’s political resistance to British rule began in the nineteenth century with the establishment of the Congress Party in 1888, and the anti-colonial movement in India gained momentum after the Second World War. Mahatma Gandhi played a pioneering role in the process by leading the Indian National Congress, eventually helping India gain independence in 1947, at which point it split into two independent states, India and Pakistan (Young and Kent, 2013: 63). India’s success became an inspiration for other anti-colonial movements across the world.

The Ten Principles of Bandung

1. Respect for fundamental human rights and for the purposes and the principles of the Charter of the United Nations. 2. Respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all nations. 3. Recognition of the equality of all races and of equality among all nations, both large and small. 4. Non-intervention or non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries. 5. Respect for the right of every nation to defend itself, singularly or collectively, in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations. 6. A. The non-use of collective defense pacts to benefit the specific interests of any of the great Powers. B. The non-use of pressure by any one country against another. 7. Refraining from acts or threats of aggression or the use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any country. 8. Settlement of all international disputes by peaceful means, such as negotiation, conciliation, arbitration, or judicial settlement as well as other peaceful means of the parties’ own choice in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations. 9. Promotion of mutual interests and cooperation. 10. Respect for justice and international obligations (Bissio, 2017:96

Both the Baath Party and Syrian Army pushed the Asali government, which was formed by Sabri al-‘Asali in June 1956, to embrace Syrian-Egyptian unity. After several Syrian-initiated attempts and meetings, Nasser, who was at first reluctant to undertake such a project especially because of two countries’ having sharp structural differences, agreed to a political union between Egypt and Syria, and the union was proclaimed on February 1, 1958. This new unitary state was called the United Arab Republic with Nasser as its president. Even though the demand for such a merger came from Syria, and the Syrian army pushed forward for it, the UAR dissolved on September 28, 1961, following a Syrian coup d’état. A group of Syrian army officers staged a military coup and led to the secession of Syria from the UAR

Zimbabwe was colonised by the British and gained its independence in 1980.

Decolonization was also accelerated by the UN efforts against colonialism. The UN Charter, signed on June 26, 1945, established the principle of self-determination and provided the basis for its own decolonization push. Moreover, in 1960, the UN General Assembly adopted the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, through which the UN affirmed that “the right of all people to self-determination” and proclaimed that “colonialism should be brought to a speedy and unconditional end” (UN, 2019). Indeed, the process gained much momentum after the UN’s adoption of this anti-colonial stance. As formerly colonized countries became independent states, they joined the UN, and thus the number of UN members increased from 51 in 1945 to 104 in 1961. By 1961, almost half of the UN member states were formerly colonized countries (Van Langenhove, 1961: 415-416)

The correct answer is E.

The Asian-African Conference, which is known as the Bandung Conference, was organized by Indonesia, India, Burma, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan in Bandung, Indonesia in April 1955. Political leaders from twenty-nine newly independent postcolonial countries of Asia and Africa came together in Bandung (Acharya, 2016: 343).The Bandung Conference is significant because it was the first multilateral meeting of newly independent states and a milestone for the development of a Third World consciousness (Best et al., 2008: 332). As other scholars have noted its importance, “it was the Bandung conference of the Afro-Asian movement which symbolized the emergence of the Third World as a motive force in international relations”

The correct answer is E.

The participants at the Bandung Conference (18- 24 April 1955) The Kingdom of Afghanistan, Burma, the Kingdom of Cambodia, Ceylon, the People’s Republic of China, Cyprus (was still under colonial rule but represented by Makarios III), the Republic of Egypt, Ethiopian Empire, Gold Coast, India, Indonesia, the Imperial State of Iran, the Kingdom of Iraq, Japan, Jordan, the Kingdom of Laos, Lebanon, Liberia, the Kingdom of Libya, the Kingdom of Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, the Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand, Turkey, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, the State of Vietnam, and the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (Acharya, 2014: 408).

The correct answer is B.

The establishment of the European Coal and Steel Community was the first step towards the European integration and paved the way for the establishment of the European Economic Community in 1957.

Following the 1947 UN resolution on the authorization of partition of Palestine, the state of Israel was established on May 14, 1948.

The Monroe Doctrine was a US foreign policy principle that laid out guidelines for US supremacy over other European powers in the Western Hemisphere. Declared by President Monroe in 1823, it stated that the United States would not tolerate European countries to intervene in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere (Best et al., 2008: 10).

The correct answer is B