ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER TARİHİ

The Cold War developed after 1945 with the rise of the United States and Soviet Union as rival global powers. Therefore, the correct choice is A.

The Cold war between the superpowers affected regions in various ways and led to different outcomes, including decolonization, regional integration, pan-movements, revolutions, conflicts, and wars. However, global economic growth could not be considered as one of the effects. Therefore, the correct choice is E.

Decolonization began with India, far and away the world’s most populous and important colony, who obtained its independence from Britain in 1947. Therefore, the correct choice is C.

Nonalignment means remaining distant from the super power alliance system of the Cold War. Therefore, the correct choice is D.

The Bandung Conference, was organized by Indonesia, India, Burma, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan in Bandung, Indonesia in April 1955. Japan is not one of the organizing countries. Therefore, the correct choice is E.

The country can not have a military agreement affecting both sides with a great power or it can not be a member of a regional defence pact was not one of the criteria in order to be considered as a member of the Non-Aligned Movement. Therefore, the correct choice is B.

US financial assistance for recovery is known as the Marshall Plan. Therefore, the correct choice is B.

With the 1957 Treaties of Rome the establishment of the European Economic Community came into existence  in 1957. Therefore, the correct choice is C.

Arab states refused to accept the partition plan. A few hours after the proclamation of independence of Israel, the armies of five Arab nations, Egypt, Syria, Iraq, Transjordan, and Lebanon invaded the newly established country on the night of 15 May 1948. Therefore, the correct choice is B.

The Cuban Revolution of 1959 had led to the emergence of a communist Cuba that soon became an ally of the Soviet Union. Therefore, the correct choice is A.

Internal pressure, which can be evaluated at the local or regional level. Colonized peoples’ demands for reform and independence as well as the rise of anti-colonial political and nationalist movements can be considered as internal pressures against British, Dutch, and French colonial rule.

The inability and weakness of colonial powers to rule their colonies. World War II demonstrated that European colonial powers were no longer able to rule their African and Asian colonies. Fonseca and Marcos argue that “if World War I helped to create local resistance movements against colonialism, it was World War II that destroyed the colonial system itself.”

The external pressure which can also be expressed as effects made at the  international level, including anti-colonial support from other states and international actors, including the United Nations (UN). The correct answer is Choice D.

Algerian independence from French rule was the result of a long and protracted war from 1954-1962. The movement for Algerian independence began during World War I and gained momentum after World War II with the establishment of National Liberation Front (FLN) in October 1954. The correct answer is Choice A.

Self-determination is the idea that a country can determine its own destiny and has the right to establish its own sovereign government. The correct answer is Choice B.

Third World countries came together in many conferences and meetings before 1955, and the previous meetings had prepared the ground for Bandung. Nevertheless, the Bandung Conference is significant because it was the first multilateral meeting of newly independent states and a milestone for the development of a Third World consciousness. Some scholars also have noted its importance, “it was the Bandung conference of the Afro-Asian movement which symbolized the emergence of the Third World as a motive force in international relations. The correct answer is Choice C.

The Ten Principles of Bandung:

1. Respect for fundamental human rights and for the purposes and the principles of the Charter of the United Nations.

2. Respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all nations.

3. Recognition of the equality of all races and of equality among all nations, both large and small.

4. Non-intervention or non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries.

5. Respect for the right of every nation to defend itself, singularly or collectively, in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations.

6. A. The non-use of collective defense pacts to benefit the specific interests of any of the great Powers.

    B. The non-use of pressure by any one country against another.

7. Refraining from acts or threats of aggression or the use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any country.

8. Settlement of all international disputes by peaceful means, such as negotiation, conciliation, arbitration, or judicial settlement as well as other peaceful means of the parties’ own choice in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations.

9. Promotion of mutual interests and cooperation.

10. Respect for justice and international obligations.

The correct answer is Choice C.

French political and economic adviser Jean Monnet was a decisive proponent of European unity. In a 1943 speech, he stated that “there will be no peace in Europe if the states are reconstituted on the basis of national sovereignty…. The countries of Europe are too small to guarantee their peoples the necessary prosperity and social development. The European states must constitute themselves into a federation”. The correct answer is Choice A.

A new era in the history of Arab-Israeli conflict began with the normalization of relations between Egypt and Israel in 1978 when US President Jimmy Carter invited Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin to the United States to facilitate negotiations between the two countries. The correct answer is Choice A.

The correct answer is E

Six European countries, namely Belgium, the Federal Republic of Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg, and Netherlands responded positively by pooling their coal and steel industries and signing the Treaty of Paris in 1951. The establishment of the European Coal and Steel Community was the first step towards the European integration and paved the way for the establishment of the European Economic Community in 1957.

The outbreak of the Greek Civil War at the beginning of the Cold War was especially considered as one of the most important events since it was the first battle of the Cold War period (Koumas, 2017: 99). The Greek Civil War took place between the Communist Party of Greece (KKE) and the CentreRight Government, in other words Communists and anti-Communists, during 1946-1949. As Pelt (2006: 15) puts it, “the Greek Civil War […] brought Greece to the fore in the ideological, political, economic and military rivalry that already existed between East and West”. During the civil war, neighbouring countries of Yugoslavia, Albania and Bulgaria supported the Communist Party of Greece while Britain assisted the Greek government. The correct answer is Choice B.

In the 1960s and 1970s, Shah Mohammed Reza Pehlevi sought to implement a massive program of social and economic modernization. Though authoritarian in nature, some scholars note that the Shah’s regime still tried to create a political party capable of mobilizing popular support. When this was unforthcoming, however, “his regime relied on arbitrary, personal rule, a ruthless secret police… [and had] no freedom of press or assembly.” Long opposed by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, then in exile in France, with each increasing blunder of the Shah, the force of Khomeini’s powerful speeches grew. The correct answer is Choice B.