ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER TARİHİ

Scholars have focused on three factors to explain the decolonization process in the 20th century:

• The first is internal pressure, which can be evaluated at the local or regional level. Colonized peoples’ demands for reform and independence as well as the rise of anti-colonial political and nationalist movements can be considered as internal pressures against British, Dutch, and French colonial rule (Langenhove, 1961: 405, Betts, 2004: 37). The national politics of colonized powers were shaped upon these internal pressures. • The second is the inability and weakness of colonial powers to rule their colonies. World War II demonstrated that European colonial powers were no longer able to rule their African and Asian colonies. Fonseca and Marcos (2013: 209) argue that “if World War I helped to create local resistance movements against colonialism, it was World War II that destroyed the colonial system itself.” • The third factor is the external pressure which can also be expressed as effects made at the international level, including anti-colonial support from other states and international actors, including the United Nations (UN) (Kay, 1967: 787).

Britain ;

India Pakistan Burma Sri Lanka Ghana Malaya Zaire Nigeria Sierra Leone Tanganyika Uganda Algeria Kenya Zimbabwe

Mozambique, Cape Verde, Sao Tome, Angola

The Kashmir Issue is a territorial conflict between India and Pakistan over Kashmir.

The concept of “nonalignment” is a Cold War phenomenon used to explain the foreign policy of formerly colonized countries. As a term, nonalignment is commonly used to describe the policy of remaining aloof from the super power alliance system of the Cold War and developing friendly relations with other nations (Gupta and Shukla, 2009: 376).

Third World: “A collective term of French origin for those states that are part of neither the developed capitalist world nor the communist bloc. It includes the states of Latin America, Africa, the Middle East, South Asia, and South-East Asia. It is also referred to as ‘the Global South’ in contrast to developed ‘North’” (Best et al., 2008: 238).

Six European countries, namely Belgium, the Federal Republic of Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg, and Netherlands responded positively by pooling their coal and steel industries and signing the Treaty of Paris in 1951.

The issuance of the Balfour Declaration of 1917 by the British government pledged the British support for the Zionist movement and proved a milestone in the creation of the State of Israel (Best et al., 2008: 108-111).

Harmer (2014: 135) states four defining characteristics of the region during the Cold War: • “First, the Cold War in Latin America was not Cold.” The state violence against political opponents was widespread. • Second, the Cold War in Latin America was characterized by revolution and counterrevolution. • Third, conflicts in Latin America during the Cold War had international, multidimensional, and transnational characteristics as the Bay of Pigs and the overthrow of Jacobo Arbenz of Guatemala illustrate the regional impact of conflicts. • Fourth, the Cold War in Latin America was underpinned by the US intervention in the region.

The Cuban Revolution of 1959, for example, had led to the emergence of a communist Cuba that soon became an ally of the Soviet Union.

The second wave of decolonization began with India, far and away the world’s most populous and important colony, who obtained its independence from Britain in 1947.

Scholars have focused on three factors to explain the decolonization process in the 20th century: • The first is internal pressure, which can be evaluated at the local or regional level. Colonized peoples’ demands for reform and independence as well as the rise of anti-colonial political and nationalist movements can be considered as internal pressures against British, Dutch, and French colonial rule (Langenhove, 1961: 405, Betts, 2004: 37). The national politics of colonized powers were shaped upon these internal pressures. • The second is the inability and weakness of colonial powers to rule their colonies. World War II demonstrated that European colonial powers were no longer able to rule their African and Asian colonies. Fonseca and Marcos (2013: 209) argue that “if World War I helped to create local resistance movements against colonialism, it was World War II that destroyed the colonial system itself.” • The third factor is the external pressure which can also be expressed as effects made at the international level, including anti-colonial support from other states and international actors, including the United Nations (UN) (Kay, 1967: 787).

Rwanda was under the colonial rule of Belgium until the independence that took place in 1962.

Self-determination is the idea that a country can determine its own destiny and has the right to establish its own sovereign government. The UN Charter, signed on June 26, 1945, established the principle of self-determination and provided the basis for its own decolonization push.

Based on the Ten Principles of Bandung, the criteria for NAM membership were determined in the preparatory conference. In order to be considered as a member of the movement, a country should meet the following criteria: 1. The country should adopt an independent foreign policy based on the co-existence of states with different political and social systems and on non-alignment, or should be showing a trend in favor of such a policy. 2. The country concerned should be consistently supporting movements for national independence. 3. The country should not be a member of a multilateral military alliance concluded in the context of great power conflicts. 4. If a country has a bilateral military agreement with a great power or is a member of a regional defense pact, the agreement or pact should not be one deliberately concluded in the context of great power conflicts. 5. If it has conceded military bases to a foreign power, the concession should not have been made in the context of Great Power conflicts.

In the wake of World War II, Europe had two priorities: post-war economic recovery and the maintenance of long-term peace and stability. US financial assistance for recovery, which is known as the Marshall Plan of 1947, was important for the reconstruction of the European economy. The US demonstrated its support for the idea of European unity by insisting that those European countries should establish a permanent agency to manage US financial aid.

Six European countries, namely Belgium, the Federal Republic of Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg, and Netherlands responded positively by pooling their coal and steel industries and signing the Treaty of Paris in 1951. The establishment of the European Coal and Steel Community was the first step towards the European integration and paved the way for the establishment of the European Economic Community in 1957.

The issuance of the Balfour Declaration of 1917 by the British government pledged the British support for the Zionist movement and proved a milestone in the creation of the State of Israel. The declaration allowed Jewish immigration to Palestine and stated that “[h]is Majesty’s Government views with favor the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this object […]”

Arab nationalism emerged as an opposition movement in the Ottoman Empire during the twentieth century and remained a minority movement until the end of the Ottoman Empire. As the latter declined in power, Europe’s Great Powers, Britain and France, extended their influence into the Middle East. Those regional developments led to the rise of local nationalisms, most notably Arab nationalism. As Best et al. (2008: 92) wrote: “the combination of Ottoman weakness and steady European penetration created the environment for the rise of Arab nationalism”.

Enver Hoxha was the prime ministry of Albania.