ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER TARİHİ

Germany

According to Fay, due to the French and Industrial Revolutions at the end of the 18th century, the social and behavioral structure of Europe greatly changed throughout the 19th century.

They were actors in a Hobbesian world where the anarchic nature of the European system allowed each unit to move without constraint or domination of one another.

While Woodrow Wilson, the President of the United States (US), declared his Fourteen Points for a new world order in 1918, Vladimir Lenin’s socialist world vision emerged with the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia in 1917. Both alternatives greatly challenged the old Eurocentric balance of power politics.

After the events of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878, the dangerous situation in the Balkans had the potential to draw more than these two great empires into war, as German Chancellor Bismarck and British Prime Minister William E. Gladstone especially foretold.

However, the diplomatic crises pinpointed as the main reasons for the breakout of war in 1914 continued to erode the system. Bismarck’s resignation as chancellor in 1890 paved the way for ‘Weltpolitik’ (A world politics), the shift in Germany’s Europe-centered foreign policy to one that looked overseas, where it soon started clashing with Britain’s Pax Britannica.

While the Anglo-Japanese Alliance provided the Japanese much needed diplomatic and financial support in a possible war against Russia, it also enabled Britain to sustain the status quo in China without directly challenging Russia. Moreover, the Russians’ heavy defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 helped Britain halt the growing Russian influence in China, and removed the imminent Russian threat to Pax Britannica in the Far East.

After the First Morocco Crisis in 1905, the division in Europe became apparent, and alliance politics took precedence over the traditional congress system. This was made particularly clear with British fears of its own decline and the rise of Germany, particularly regarding the naval race. This opened the way for binding alliances both in Europe and abroad, starting with the Triple Entente, which caused a great fear of encirclement among German decision-makers.

It is most often associated with the tenets of Wilsonian internationalism and became a key driving force in the struggle to end imperialism.

The German pre-1914 plan for a pre-emptive military offensive against France, which would involve troops passing through neutral Belgium. It is named after the German army chief of staff, General Alfred von Schlieffen.

Entente Powers, also known Allies or Allied Powers. The major Allied powers in World War I were Great Britain (and the British Empire), France, and the Russian Empire.

Vladimir Lenin’s socialist world vision emerged with the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia in 1917.

The emergence of nationalism after the French Revolution and its spread throughout Europe during the Napoleonic Wars has long been a problematic subject for European politicians.

France was not one of the Central Powers in the First World War.

Germany was not one of the Allied Powers in the First World War

Entente Powers, also known Allies or Allied Powers, refer to the coalition of
states during the First World War fought against the Central Powers.

The first of the diplomatic crises was the Fashoda Crisis of 1898 between France and Britain.

Disarmament is not one of the main causes of the outbreak of the First World War

Social Darwinism is “the theory that human groups and races are subject to the same laws of natural selection as Charles Darwin had perceived in plants and animals in nature".

Self-determination associated with mostly Wilsonian internationalism.