ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER TARİHİ

Ideas such as state sovereignty, independence, or international law were not established concepts before the 17th century.

According to Paul Hirst, the modern state has three additional characteristics:

Greek state system was  based on a shared language, culture, and common religion.

In the Middle Ages,  two kinds of hierarchy prevailed—the Holy Roman Emperor as temporal authority and the Pope as spiritual authority.

Medieval Europe was a complex political and social system. Within this system, security was provided by local rulers and their knights, who lived in fortified towns and strong castles.

People from different regions came together in the Italian city-states to exchange culture, ideas, beliefs, and intellectual accumulation. Another critical link in this development was the conquest of Istanbul in 1453, which encouraged many Eastern scholars to flee to the Italian peninsula, bringing with them vast collections of ancient books and manuscripts.

During  The Renaissance many political thinkers counseled local political leaders, of which Niccolò Machiavelli was one of the most prominent.  Machiavelli, who has often been dubbed “the first truly modern political thinker,” was a bureaucrat and diplomat who served in the government of Florence.

In 1517 when Martin Luther, a student of the Renaissance, published his ‘95 Theses,’ a series of critiques of Catholic doctrine which soon spread to the rest of much of Europe.

The congresses of Münster and Osnabrück, the first of their kind, led to the signing of the Treaties of Westphalia, the first multilateral diplomatic gathering in Europe to end a regional war and build a new order. The Peace of Westphalia is considered the starting point of the international system because modern International Relations derived its core principles from the peace settlements that ended the Thirty Years’ War in 1648.

Diplomacy simply means the conduct of relations between states by official agents through peaceful means.

Ideas such as state sovereignty, independence, or international law began in the 17th century. Therefore, the correct choice is D.

After the defeat of the Western Roman Empire by the Visigoths, a feudal state system came to dominate Western Europe until the 16th century. Therefore, the correct choice is A.

In Medieval Europe the Pope was a political figure who often had to deal with political disputes between kings and other rulers. Therefore, the correct choice is B.

The Renaissance began in the city-states of the Italian peninsula in the 15th century which had an important role in the emergence of modern state because it brought about a hugely renewed interest in classical political ideas such as Athenian democracy and Roman law and started a passion for learning that affected numerous cultural and technological breakthroughs. Therefore, the correct choice is C.

Italian political philosophers such as Marsiglio of Padua and Dante rediscovered many of the old Roman and Greek texts. These texts helped them intellectually shake the power of the papacy by arguing that the secular authorities not only ought to be separate from spiritual ones, but also reign supreme. Therefore, the correct choice is E.

Niccolò Machiavelli was a great interpreter of Roman ideas about civic virtue and citizenship, he believed politics was based on human action, rather than religious conviction or sentiment and did much to revive the Roman idea of virtue. Therefore, the correct choice is D.

'The Reformation was a religious, political, and cultural revolution that shattered the Catholic world in the 16th century' is the full sentence. Therefore, the correct choice is A.

The Peace of Westphalia ended the religious wars called the Thirty Years’ War in Europe. It has nothing to do with the wars between the Ottoman Empire and the countries in Europe. Therefore, the correct choice is E.

The Treaty of Kadesh was signed between the Egyptians and the Hittites. Therefore, the correct choice is C.

According to Paul Hirst, the modern state as three additional characteristics:
• First, a modern state has a definite territory with boundaries.
• Second, a modern state has exclusive control over that territory (sovereignty).
• Third, a modern state is the superior political actor (hierarchy)