ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER TARİHİ

Prior to the 16th century, emperors, kings, and princes predominated far more than sovereign nation states, while the Catholic Church was also central to determining the European feudal order. Indeed, ideas such as state sovereignty,
independence, or international law were not established concepts before the 17th century.

In the field of International Relations, the concept of the state system refers to the relationships between politically organized groups that have distinctive territories, are not influenced by higher authorities, and exercise a measure of
independence from one another.

To be sure, states existed in the Middle Ages, but their power was determined by different characteristics than modern states. For one, they had neither sovereignty nor independence in the modern term of the word because two kinds of hierarchy prevailed—the Holy Roman Emperor as temporal authority and the Pope as spiritual authority.

There were also semi-autonomous local rulers such as lords and knights who were not fully independent either.

Niccolò Machiavelli was great interpreter of Roman ideas about civic virtue and citizenship, he believed politics was based on human action, rather than religious conviction or sentiment and did much to revive the Roman idea of virtue.

Medieval Europe was a complex political and social system. Within this system, security was provided by local rulers and their knights, who lived in fortified towns and strong castles. Freedom was given by feudal rulers to their followers and clients to the degree that they determined, while keeping the general order was the responsibility of the emperor, albeit in a limited way. Justice was ensured by political and religious rulers alike, but also in an unequal way, being far more skewed in favor of the upper classes.

The Thirty Years’ War started in Bohemia as an uprising of Protestants against the Spanish authorities.

The world’s first recorded international peace treaty is generally accepted to be the Treaty of Kadesh, signed in the 13th century BC between the Egyptians and the Anatolian-based Hittites, a replica of which stands on the wall of the United Nations in New York today.

Mercantilism refers to an “economic theory and practice common in Europe from the 16th to the 18th century that promoted governmental regulation of a nation’s economy for the purpose of augmenting state power at the expense of rival national powers”

The Peace of Utrecht (1713) formally ended the war and codified this “just equilibrium of power” as the “best and most solid basis of mutual friendship and durable harmony”. The Peace of Utrecht refers to a series of treaties that ended the War of the Spanish Succession.

According to Paul Hirst, the modern state has three additional characteristics: 

First, a modern state has a definite territory with boundaries. 

Second, a modern state has exclusive control over that territory (sovereignty). 

Third, a modern state is the superior political actor (hierarchy).

Therefore, all the characteristics given in the question are correct.

The Reformation first started in the German lands in 1517 when Martin Luther, a student of the Renaissance, published his ‘95 Theses,’ a series of critiques of Catholic doctrine which soon spread to the rest of much of Europe. 

John Calvin was the person who organized the first ‘reformed’ church, later known as Calvinist, in Geneva in 1536. Calvin believed that the sovereignty of people was supreme and that they had a right to revolt against bad government.

Almost every European power took part in the Thirty Years' War, including the German principalities, France, Sweden, Spain, Bohemia, Poland, Denmark, Russia and the Holy Roman Empire. However, Japan is not one of the countries involved.

The world’s first recorded international peace treaty is generally accepted to be the Treaty of Kadesh, signed in the 13th century BC between the Egyptians and the Anatolian-based Hittites.

Diplomacy means the conduct of affairs between states by official agents through peaceful means with several ends in mind: 

First, it facilitates communication between political leaders or states and other entities of world politics. 

Second, it facilitates the negotiation of agreements. 

Third, it serves to gather intelligence or information from host countries. 

Fourth, it minimizes the effects of frictions in international relations. 

Fifth, it symbolizes the concrete existence of international society.

Therefore, among the given information, Number IV is wrong, others are correct.

Colonialism means “control by one power over a dependent area or people". 

Absolutism refers to a “political doctrine and the practice of unlimited centralized authority and absolute sovereignty of a monarch".

Diplomacy means "the conduct of affairs between states by official agents through peaceful means". 

Balance of power refers to "a state of affairs in which no state predominates over others". 

Therefore, the correct answer is "B".

Feudalism represents "a pyramidal social formation built upon personal ties of loyalty in which power holders at any level depend on their capacity to mobilize resources, including military power". 

Diplomacy means "the conduct of affairs between states by official agents through peaceful means".

Colonialism means “control by one power over a dependent area or people".

Mercantilism refers to an “economic theory and practice common in Europe from the 16th to the 18th century that promoted governmental regulation of a nation’s economy for the purpose of augmenting state power at the expense of rival national powers”.

Therefore, the correct answer is "D".

During the reign of Louis XIV, royal government became more centralized and bureaucratic. All departments of government were relocated to Versailles, which became the headquarters of state administration, thus replacing Paris. The palace there became the center of Louis XIV’s absolutist empire. Seen as a continuation of Italy’s Renaissance, French artists and scientists were as effective and popular as Louis XIV’s armies, and the French language and thought were transmitted to every corner of the continent.

Therefore, the information given in Option E is wrong.

The Peace of Utrecht refers to a series of treaties that ended the War of the Spanish Succession. These were: 

Utrecht 

11 April 1713 – Treaty between France, Great Britain, Holland, Prussia, Portugal, and Savoy 

13 July 1713 – Treaty between Spain and Great Britain 

13 August 1713 – Treaty between Spain and Savoy 

26 June 1714 – Treaty between Spain and Holland 

Rastad and Baden 

6 March / 7 September 1714 – Treaty between France and Austria 

Madrid 

6 February 1715 – Treaty between Spain and Portugal 

15 November 1715 – Barrier Treaty between Holland, France and Austria 

(Spain and Austria finally concluded a treaty at The Hague in February 1720)