ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER TARİHİ - Deneme Sınavı - 9

President Truman wasted little time in presenting what would become known as the Truman Doctrine, announcing on March 12, 1947 that it was henceforth “the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are  resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures,” i.e. communism—starting with Turkey and Greece (Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, 1963: 178–79).

On March 17, 1948, in response to the Czech coup, Belgium, Britain, France, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands signed a mutual defense pact called the Treaty of Brussels.

Machiavelli believed politics was based on human action, rather than religious conviction or sentiment and did much to revive the Roman idea of virtue. According to him, religion and religious morals were fine insofar as they helped bolster a common moral code and keep the social peace. However, religion and religious morals should not prevent a prince (i.e. sovereign or ruler) from exercising his authority or acting in the interests of the state. Though he prescribed religion for the masses as a healthy thing, he proscribed it for princes. The correct answer is C.

On April 4, 1949, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization was signed in Washington by Canada, the US, the Brussels Pact powers –namely Belgium, Britain, France, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands-, Denmark, Norway, Iceland, Italy, and Portugal. Before the end of the Cold War, Greece (1952), Turkey (1952), West Germany (1955) and Spain (1982) also entered the alliance.

As a final institutional measure to solidify the emerging eastern bloc and counter the Marshall Plan, in January 1949 Moscow launched the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, better known as COMECON.

The policy of destalinization was formulated during this period, especially once Prime Minister Malenkov introduced the policy of peaceful coexistence with the West in August 1953—though the policy has since come to be more associated with Khrushchev.

The creation of the Baghdad Pact was another significant development in the institutionalization of the Cold War insofar as it extended the goal of militarily containing the Soviet Union far into the Middle East. Established in 1955 after an agreement between Turkey and Iraq, it also included Britain, Pakistan, and Iran. As a rule, the general purpose of this pact was to prevent the spread of communism into the Middle East and keep the Soviets away from vital Middle East oil. Yet following the overthrow of anti-Soviet rule in Iraq in 1959, the Pact began to crumble. Iraq immediately left the organization, and when the US joined as an associate member, its name was changed to the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO).

These developments motivated US President Eisenhower, who launched an economic and military aid program in January 1957 to protect Middle Eastern countries from military threats and internal (communist-inspired) turmoil. Known as the Eisenhower Doctrine, this policy was a direct response to the perceived increase in Soviet influence in the region and, as such, promised aid to any Middle Eastern country “threatened by armed aggression,” i.e. communism, whether from within or without.

This ease in tensions also had an impact on intraregional and international relations. Both France and West Germany entered into independent diplomacy with the Soviet Union, marking the beginning of a series of independently declared détentes with the USSR from 1964 onward (Zickel, 1991: 420-425).

Brezhnev Doctrine is “expounded by Leonid Brezhnev in November 1968 affirming the right of the Soviet Union to intervene in the affairs of communist countries in order to protect communism,” (Best et al., 2008: 280).

Despite the differences, the Cold War is generally considered to have started in 1945 following the Second World War.

For the cultural determinist, the Cold War was a struggle between civilizations, with an Orthodox authoritarian collectivist East pitted against a liberal individualistic Catholic and Protestant West.

As often happens in human history, a crucial unforeseen event, unrelated to the war, happened between Yalta and Potsdam: the death of US President Roosevelt.

Truman Doctrine, announced  on March 12, 1947  was “the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures,” i.e. communism—starting with Turkey and Greece.

There were 16 countries, including Turkey and Greece, in the Marshall Plan’s new economic orbit, which, if successful, would soon morph into a more permanent structure of economic—and, gradually, political—interdependence.

After the failure of the London Foreign Ministers’ Conference in late 1947, the US, France, Britain, and the Benelux states (Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg) met again from February to June 1948 in what would be called the London Six Power Conference to hammer out an agreement on the formulation of a unified West German state.

As a final institutional measure to solidify the emerging eastern bloc and counter the Marshall Plan, in January 1949 Moscow launched the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, better known as COMECON. Vietnam, its tenth and final member, in 1978.

The possibility of peaceful coexistence only increased with the success of the Camp David Summit held in September 1959, when US President Dwight D. Eisenhower invited Soviet leader Khrushchev on a several-week tour of the United States to calm tensions that had been mounting over the fate of Berlin.

Glasnost means openness.

Brezhnev Doctrine is expounded by Leonid Brezhnev in November 1968 affirming the right of the Soviet Union to intervene in the affairs of communist countries in order to protect communism.