ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER TARİHİ - Deneme Sınavı - 7

Enver Hoxha was the prime ministry of Albania.

The Second World War began with the German attack on Poland on September 1,1939 (Parker, 2001:21).

Adolf Hitler’s method in Poland

was called ‘Blitzkrieg’—a lightning war. For

starters, German air attacks destroyed much of

the Polish air force. Second, German bombers

attacked at road and rail communications,

munitions dumps, and civilian centers. These wellcoordinated

German tanks and armored vehicles

with devastating air power destroyed Polish forces

within a short time.

Only few days before the beginning of the Second World War, Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union had concluded a non-aggression treaty on August 23, 1939. The Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact divided Eastern Europe into German and Soviet spheres of influence, and thereby partitioned Poland between two countries. Germany ceded the greater part of Lithuania to the Soviet Union in return for a larger share of Poland.

Hitler aimed to conquer Britain

before turning his forces against the Soviet Union

(Gilbert, 2004:56). However, he received certain

reports that “the Allies were preparing to occupy

Norway and Sweden under the cover of coming

to the aid of Finland” (Rich, 2003:217). He

further argued that such a preparation should be

prevented, for if the British forces had occupied

Norway and Sweden this would have been a

serious threat to German strategic and economic

interests. Germany had various naval bases in the

Baltic Sea and depended on Sweden’s iron ore

(Rich, 2003:217).

In March 1941, the US Congress passed the ingenious Lend-Lease Act, which authorized the president to put American resources at the disposal of any state whose defense he regarded as necessary for American security. Although the program was initially aimed to rescue Britain, it was eventually included more than thirty-eight states fighting against the Axis powers (Best et.al. 2008:149).

The German invasion of Soviet Russia in June

1941 was the greatest military operation in history.

The 3.5 million-strong invasion force consisted

of three main army groups: Army Group North

attacked from East Prussia and fought along the

Baltic coastal lands towards Leningrad; Army

Group Centre moved towards Minsk, Smolensk,

and Moscow; and Army Group South advanced

towards Ukraine. In their invasion of the Soviet

Union, German forces used the same Blitzkrieg

tactics they had employed in 1939–1940 against

Poland, France, and the Low Countries. The codename for the German invasion

was Operation Barbarossa in honor of Frederick

I, the Holy Roman Emperor who organized a

12th century crusade to liberate the holy places of

Christianity from the Muslim control. According

to Nazi propaganda, the German campaign in

Russia was of a similar character—a crusade against

a Bolshevik regime that threatened European

civilization (Roberts, 2002:18).

In mid-August 1941, on a battleship at Newfoundland, Churchill and Roosevelt agreed to issue a public document known as the Atlantic Charter, a joint Anglo-American commitment to a post-war world order. Its principles included “respect[ing] the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live… and [their] wish to see sovereign rights and self-government restored to those who have been forcibly deprived of them” (Rich, 2003:258-259). The Charter also referred to the establishment of a wider and permanent organization for international security, i.e. the United Nations (UN).

Overall, there were about 16 million Soviet

civilian war deaths. Of these, 11 million died under

the German occupation and another five million

were victims of Nazi deportation. It is difficult to

be precise about civilian death rates from 1941–

1945, but at least several million fell victim to the

Germans after Stalingrad. As for military casualties,

the Red Army lost over 16 million, including

four million dead, between 1941-1945 (Roberts,

2002:149-150).

On June 6, 1944, what is now known as

D-Day, the Allied parachutists landed on five

beaches of Normandy in France. The invasion force

consisted of 175,000 soldiers and more than 7,000

vessels, including warships, minesweepers, cargo

ships, and landing craft (Perry, et.al. 2008:841).

In February 1945 Stalin, Roosevelt, and

Churchill met again to discuss the political

problems of post-war Europe in the Crimean town

of Yalta. The main points discussed at the Yalta

Conference (February 4-11, 1945) were as follows:

payments,

Soviet Union would enter the war against

Japan (Bell, 2011:202).

The Cold War developed after 1945 with the rise of the United States and Soviet Union as rival global powers. Therefore, the correct choice is A.

The Cold war between the superpowers affected regions in various ways and led to different outcomes, including decolonization, regional integration, pan-movements, revolutions, conflicts, and wars. However, global economic growth could not be considered as one of the effects. Therefore, the correct choice is E.

Decolonization began with India, far and away the world’s most populous and important colony, who obtained its independence from Britain in 1947. Therefore, the correct choice is C.

Nonalignment means remaining distant from the super power alliance system of the Cold War. Therefore, the correct choice is D.

The Bandung Conference, was organized by Indonesia, India, Burma, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan in Bandung, Indonesia in April 1955. Japan is not one of the organizing countries. Therefore, the correct choice is E.

The country can not have a military agreement affecting both sides with a great power or it can not be a member of a regional defence pact was not one of the criteria in order to be considered as a member of the Non-Aligned Movement. Therefore, the correct choice is B.

US financial assistance for recovery is known as the Marshall Plan. Therefore, the correct choice is B.

With the 1957 Treaties of Rome the establishment of the European Economic Community came into existence  in 1957. Therefore, the correct choice is C.

Arab states refused to accept the partition plan. A few hours after the proclamation of independence of Israel, the armies of five Arab nations, Egypt, Syria, Iraq, Transjordan, and Lebanon invaded the newly established country on the night of 15 May 1948. Therefore, the correct choice is B.