ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER TARİHİ - Deneme Sınavı - 4

In June 1991, Slovenia and Croatia declared their independence, soon followed with Macedonia in September 1991 and Bosnia-Herzegovina in March 1992. The federal army of Yugoslavia initially tried to bring Slovenia and Croatia back into Yugoslavia by force. However, the recognition given to them by European countries and later the US—not to mention the UN peacekeeping forces deployed to monitor the ceasefire established after the withdrawal of the Yugoslav federal army—gave Belgrade no choice but to let Slovenia and Croatia go. The correct answer is B.

On April 4, 1949, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization was signed in Washington by Canada, the US, the Brussels Pact powers –namely Belgium, Britain, France, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands-, Denmark, Norway, Iceland, Italy, and Portugal. Before the end of the Cold War, Greece (1952), Turkey (1952), West Germany (1955) and Spain (1982) also entered the alliance.

The policy of destalinization was formulated during this period, especially once Prime Minister Malenkov introduced the policy of peaceful coexistence with the West in August 1953—though the policy has since come to be more associated with Khrushchev. According to Malenkov, speaking after Stalin’s funeral, “we stand as we have always stood for the peaceful coexistence of the two systems. We hold that there are no objective reasons for clashes between the United States of America and the Soviet Union”

Scholars have focused on three factors to explain the decolonization process in the 20th century.

Holland was colonized by Holland. The other counties were the colonies of Britain.

French African Colonies : Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, and Upper Volta

India declared independence in 1947, which is earlier than other colonies.

Many Arabs, however, perceived the doctrine as an arrangement aimed at protecting Western interests in the region.

Kennedy first put Cuba under a naval blockade, despite Cuba’s protests that the missiles deployed were purely for defensive purposes. While the Soviet Union offered to broker a diplomatic solution, Khrushchev was looking for new ways to use the Cuban Missile Crisis.

According to the NPT, member states were divided into two categories. Within these categories, Nuclear-Weapon States were the privileged few allowed to have nuclear weapons in their arsenals—France, the US, China, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union. The rest of the world were Non-Nuclear Weapon States.

After visiting Beijing, President Nixon travelled to Moscow in May 1972 for a summit. The mood or détente had already been set, and both powers wanted to halt the arms race to relieve their economies from the strain thereof. As a result, the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I) was concluded to limit the amount of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs).

The first is internal pressure, which can be evaluated at the local or regional level. Colonized peoples’ demands for reform and independence as well as the rise of anti-colonial political and nationalist movements can be considered as internal pressures against British, Dutch, and French colonial rule (Langenhove, 1961: 405, Betts, 2004: 37). The national politics of colonized powers were shaped upon these internal pressures. • The second is the inability and weakness of colonial powers to rule their colonies. World War II demonstrated that European colonial powers were no longer able to rule their African and Asian colonies. Fonseca and Marcos (2013: 209) argue that “if World War I helped to create local resistance movements against colonialism, it was World War II that destroyed the colonial system itself.” • The third factor is the external pressure which can also be expressed as effects made at the international level, including anti-colonial support from other states and international actors, including the United Nations (UN) (Kay, 1967: 787).

Rwanda gained its independence from Belgium in 1962.

India, Pakistan, Burma, Sri Lanka, Ghana, Malaya, Zaire, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Tanganyika, Uganda, Algeria, Kenya, Zimbabwe were colonized by Britain.

French African Colonies included Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, and Upper Volta.

Portugal colonised Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Cape Verde, Sao Tome, Angola.