ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER TARİHİ - Deneme Sınavı - 10

The element of leadership—the arrival of Mikhail Gorbachev to power in the Soviet Union in March 1985—would be the most important factor that would eventually trigger the series of events leading to the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Intifada is an Arabic term that means “shaking off”.

Niccolò Machiavelli was a great interpreter of Roman ideas about civic virtue and citizenship, he believed politics was based on human action, rather than religious conviction or sentiment and did much to revive the Roman idea of virtue. Therefore, the correct choice is D.

In March 1999, Czechia, Hungary, and Poland joined; in 2004 Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia joined; in 2009 Albania and Croatia joined; and in 2017 Montenegro did.

This tendency to “deepen” was further advanced with the signing of the Treaty of Maastricht in February 1992. First, effective November 1, 1993, not only had the European Community become the European Union, but members of the union had also agreed on creating a single currency, the euro, and a common central bank for what would now be known as the Eurozone.

'The Reformation was a religious, political, and cultural revolution that shattered the Catholic world in the 16th century' is the full sentence. Therefore, the correct choice is A.

In the 2004 enlargement, Cyprus, Czechia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania,
Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia each became members, bringing the total membership to 25, some 453 million people.

The cooperative mood that began with the signing of START I was followed by the signing of START II in January 1993.

Probably, the most visible sign of the shift in global power dynamics is the emergence of the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa). The cooperation initially began between Brazil, Russia, India and China in an informal manner in 2006 and expanded with the inclusion of South Africa in 2011.

Scholars have focused on three factors to explain the decolonization process in the 20th century:

• The first is internal pressure, which can be evaluated at the local or regional level. Colonized peoples’ demands for reform and independence as well as the rise of anti-colonial political and nationalist movements can be considered as internal pressures against British, Dutch, and French colonial rule (Langenhove, 1961: 405, Betts, 2004: 37). The national politics of colonized powers were shaped upon these internal pressures. • The second is the inability and weakness of colonial powers to rule their colonies. World War II demonstrated that European colonial powers were no longer able to rule their African and Asian colonies. Fonseca and Marcos (2013: 209) argue that “if World War I helped to create local resistance movements against colonialism, it was World War II that destroyed the colonial system itself.” • The third factor is the external pressure which can also be expressed as effects made at the international level, including anti-colonial support from other states and international actors, including the United Nations (UN) (Kay, 1967: 787).

Britain ;

India Pakistan Burma Sri Lanka Ghana Malaya Zaire Nigeria Sierra Leone Tanganyika Uganda Algeria Kenya Zimbabwe

Mozambique, Cape Verde, Sao Tome, Angola

The Kashmir Issue is a territorial conflict between India and Pakistan over Kashmir.

The concept of “nonalignment” is a Cold War phenomenon used to explain the foreign policy of formerly colonized countries. As a term, nonalignment is commonly used to describe the policy of remaining aloof from the super power alliance system of the Cold War and developing friendly relations with other nations (Gupta and Shukla, 2009: 376).

Third World: “A collective term of French origin for those states that are part of neither the developed capitalist world nor the communist bloc. It includes the states of Latin America, Africa, the Middle East, South Asia, and South-East Asia. It is also referred to as ‘the Global South’ in contrast to developed ‘North’” (Best et al., 2008: 238).

Six European countries, namely Belgium, the Federal Republic of Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg, and Netherlands responded positively by pooling their coal and steel industries and signing the Treaty of Paris in 1951.

The issuance of the Balfour Declaration of 1917 by the British government pledged the British support for the Zionist movement and proved a milestone in the creation of the State of Israel (Best et al., 2008: 108-111).

Harmer (2014: 135) states four defining characteristics of the region during the Cold War: • “First, the Cold War in Latin America was not Cold.” The state violence against political opponents was widespread. • Second, the Cold War in Latin America was characterized by revolution and counterrevolution. • Third, conflicts in Latin America during the Cold War had international, multidimensional, and transnational characteristics as the Bay of Pigs and the overthrow of Jacobo Arbenz of Guatemala illustrate the regional impact of conflicts. • Fourth, the Cold War in Latin America was underpinned by the US intervention in the region.

The Cuban Revolution of 1959, for example, had led to the emergence of a communist Cuba that soon became an ally of the Soviet Union.

For starters, because each country had fought a different war. Though the United States had fought valiantly on land and at sea on three continents (Europe, Asia-Pacific, and Africa), it had entered the war relatively late, in December 1941, and ‘only’ lost around 300,000 men. Not only was none of the conflict (outside Hawaii) fought on American soil, but its economy emerged as the world’s most powerful as a direct result, accounting for over 50% of global gross domestic product (GDP) by 1945.