ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER TARİHİ - Deneme Sınavı - 13

Medieval Europe was a complex political and social system. Within this system, security was provided by local rulers and their knights, who lived in fortified towns and strong castles. Freedom was given by feudal rulers to their followers and clients to the degree that they determined, while keeping the general order was the responsibility of the emperor, albeit in a limited way. Justice was ensured by political and religious rulers alike, but also in an unequal way, being far more skewed in favor of the upper classes.

The world’s first recorded international peace treaty is generally accepted to be the Treaty of Kadesh, signed in the 13th century BC between the Egyptians and the Anatolian-based Hittites, a replica of which stands on the wall of the United Nations in New York today.

Mercantilism refers to an “economic theory and practice common in Europe from the 16th to the 18th century that promoted governmental regulation of a nation’s economy for the purpose of augmenting state power at the expense of rival national powers”

The Peace of Utrecht (1713) formally ended the war and codified this “just equilibrium of power” as the “best and most solid basis of mutual friendship and durable harmony”. The Peace of Utrecht refers to a series of treaties that ended the War of the Spanish Succession.

The Locarno Pact refers to “[t]he series of treaties concluded at Locarno in Switzerland in October 1925. The most important was the Rhineland Pact, signed by France, Germany and Belgium and guaranteed by Britain and Italy.

Due to the Great Depression, economic liberalism lost its influence, and the gold standard system that had long maintained a stable international currency exchange system was abandoned by the US, Britain, France, Canada, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Scandinavia.

The Soviet Union, who remained just beyond the capitalist world, were mostly immune to the effects of the Great Depression.

Irredentism is a territorial claim by one sovereign state against another, aimed at equalizing the boundaries of its ‘nation’ (or ethnicity) with the borders of the state.

US foreign policy in the 1930s relied on isolationism.

Vladimir Lenin’s socialist world vision, the Bolshevik Revolution emerged in Russia in 1917.

The first of the diplomatic crises was the Fashoda Crisis of 1898 between France and Britain.

the July Crisis happened in 1914.

The Triple Entente was an “association between Great Britain, France, and Russia, the nucleus of the Allied Powers in World War I.

The Second Balkan War began when Serbia, Greece, and Romania quarreled with Bulgaria over the division of their joint conquests in Macedonia.

ocial Darwinism was hugely popular in the minds of European diplomats, soldiers, and politicians that had grown to believe that some nations are bound by nature to rule and survive, while others are destined to perish or serve. As such, ideas such as nationalism and Social Darwinism also played a hugely important role in the eventual outbreak of war.

Schlieffen Plan: “The German pre-1914 plan for a pre-emptive military offensive against France, which would involve troops passing through neutral Belgium.

Central Powers refer to the coalition of states during the First World War that consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria.

Later that autumn, the Treaty of Neuilly was signed between the Allied powers and Bulgaria on November 27, 1919.

The treaties signed after the war revealed a new order in Europe. Called the Versailles Order and dominated by the force of British and French strength, it was full of inconsistencies.

Debates about the outbreak of the First World War have continued intensely since the end of the war. In today’s literature, a general distinction is made between the causes of the war and the origins of the war. Studies on its underlying causes have focused mostly on the relations between the great powers of Europe and their struggle for superiority with each other.