ULUSLARARASI GÜVENLİK

In response to the new international order, non-traditional challenges at the turn of the millennium, United Nations (UN) Secretary-General Kofi Annan advanced the idea of ‘human security’ that includes three basic freedoms: “freedom from fear, freedom from want, freedom to live in dignity.”

Universal Declaration of Human Rights: is an international document adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948 that articulates “the rights and freedoms to which every human being is equally and inalienably entitled (The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948: 6).

Responsibility to Protect (R2P) is a norm based on states responsibility to protect their own citizens and the international community’s obligation to protect humans from serious violations such as genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity.

Ad hoc International Criminal Tribunals: are the judicial mechanisms that were established by the UN Security Council in the framework of Resolution 827 for the former Yugoslavia and Resolution 955 for Rwanda. The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) was created in Arusha, Tanzania to “prosecute persons responsible for genocide and other serious violations of international humanitarian law committed in the territory of Rwanda and neighboring States, between 1 January 1994 and 31 December 1994”. The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) was created to “deal with war crimes that took place during the conflicts in the Balkans in the 1990s” The ICTR closed its doors in 2015.

Political repression and human rights abuses are categorized under political security.

Economic security - Persistent poverty, unemployment
Food security - Hunger, famine
Health security - Deadly infectious diseases, unsafe food, malnutrition, lack of access to basic health care
Environmental security - Environmental degradation, resource depletion, natural disasters, pollution
Personal security - Physical violence, crime, terrorism, domestic violence, child labor
Community security - Inter-ethnic, religious and other identity based tensions

The Cold War was the rivalry between the United States of America and the Soviet Union as well as between their respective allies from the end of the Second World War to 1989. This rivalry was based on the ideological difference between the two superpowers. It never escalated into an actual conflict; it was rather based on the use of political, economic, bureaucratic, and propaganda tools despite the existence of proxy wars such as the Korean War (1950-1953), the Vietnam War (1955-1975), and the SovietAfghan War (1979-1989). The Cold War came to an end with the collapse of Communist bloc in 1989 and the dissolution of the USSR in 1991(Dağ, 2005, 93).

While negative peace is related to the traditional security approach that is based on the
absence of war between two states, positive peace refers to the establishment of a socially just system by taking into consideration all dimensions of human security.

Dimensions of human security and lists PostCold War developments are as follows:
• growing disparities in economic opportunities both within and between states;
• increasing hardships faced by peoples in the developing world who found themselves on the margins of a globalizing world economy;
• diminishing non-renewable resources leading families and groups to become refugees;
• rising anti-foreigner feelings and violence in reaction to migration pressures from the developing to the developed world;
• proliferating intrastate conflicts increasing public interest in, and pressure for, humanitarian intervention.”

The priorities of human security cover not only the military threats but also issues of non-military security such as health and economic development. In other words, human security is not an alternative to the state-centered security approach; it rather complements traditional security approach in the following four different ways (Human Security Now, 2003:4):
• “Its concern is the individual and the community rather than the state;
• Menaces to people’s security includethreats and conditions that have not always been classified as threats to state security;
• The range of actors is expanded beyond the state alone;
• Achieving human security includes not just protecting people but also empowering people to fend for themselves.”

Two problems of the atmosphere, namely the global warming and the depletion of the ozone layer, had long been debated among scientists. The ozone layer has two basic functions for filtering the ultraviolet rays of the sun and dissipating the atmosphere. The depletion of the ozone layer allows more harmful rays to reach Earth, resulting in more skin cancer, weakened immune systems, reduced plant yields, damage to ocean ecosystems, and climate change.

Inter-ethnic, religious and other identity based tensions are examples of main threats to community security.

The concept of human security was first used in the 1994 Human Development Report of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) as “safety from chronic threats such as hunger, disease and repression, and protection from sudden and harmful disruptions in the patterns of daily life whether in homes, in jobs, or in communities” (UNDP Report 1994: 23). Despite the brief description of human security in the UNDP report, its full definition is still a controversial issue in International Relations

While negative peace is related to the traditional security approach that is based on the absence of war between two states, positive peace refers to the establishment of a socially just system by taking into consideration all dimensions of human security.

Foreign Minister Lloyd Axworthy and Norwegian Foreign Minister Knut Vollebaek met on the island of Lysoen near Bergen, Norway, to craft an international agreement on advancing basic human security. The pact, known as the Lysoen Declaration, led to the creation of the Human Security Network by a coalition of governments and to greater global cooperation on a wide range of issues related to peace, conflict, and the protection of human lives.

Although in one way or another environmental politics has been with us for a long time now, the idea of systematically protecting the environment is the product of the 20th century. Green politics or ecology became a significant national and international issue in the 1960s. Starting from the 1960s, the environmentalist movements have been influential in world politics. One of the first calls for an ecological approach to world problems came with Rachel Carson’s (1962) book entitled The Silent Spring, which has sold more than two million copies as well as Murray Bookchin’s work Our Synthetic Environment.

In 1972, the Club of Rome released a report, Limits of Growth, in which it was suggested that if the then economic patterns continued, the world would soon experience an ecological disaster. Limits of Growth was the first report that has warned that humanity is on the verge of a global economic and ecological destruction. Limits of Growth has also laid the foundations of the concept of sustainable development. Meanwhile, “Redefining National Security,” was an article written by Lester Brown claiming that new threats to security such as oil depletion, soil erosion, shrinking forests, and climate change should be addressed within the framework of national security

Tragedy of the commons is a common good dilemma that is created when common environmental assets (such as the world’s sherries) are depleted or degraded through the failure of states to cooperate effectively.

Economic security refers to the entitlement of any individual to have a minimum regular income that comes from a lucrative activity or, as a last resort, from a social security trust fund. Taking such a view can only mean that only a quarter of the whole world’s population benefits from economic security. Even if the problems related to economic insecurity are greater in the developing countries, the developed states also show concern for these problems.

One of the quantitative targets set out in the Millennium Development Goals to be achieved in the 1990-2015 period was to halve the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water.

There are four main components of food security. These are availability, accessibility, utilization, and stability. Utilization refers to food quality and nutritional content. This relates to health, HIV/AIDS, access to water and clean energy sources.