ULUSLARARASI GÜVENLİK

The analyses of the Realist school, however, were re-evaluated by several international theories such as Marxism, liberalism, constructivism and the Copenhagen school.

The concept of threat consists of events or phenomena that have the
potential negative consequences for the existence of
values of a state, society, or individual.

While discussing security, we should mention
its two critical dimensions: national security
and international security.

The Middle East, Latin America, the Arctic
and the Pacific are critical geographical areas not
only because they have almost four-fifths of fossil
energy resources but also control the flow of
energy, world trade routes, strategic straits, and
maritime routes. Therefore, all the developments in
these geographical areas affect the energy policies
of nation states and energy markets in the world

In a 2007 study, it listed these components as follows: energy
efficiency, availability, accessibility, affordability,
and sustainability. There has been some discussion
on these components; however, the APERC’s
approach has been widely accepted in academic
circles

The Group of Seven (G-7) is a forum of the
world’s seven most industrialized economies. G-6
was formed in 1975 by France, Germany, Italy,
Japan, the United States, and the United Kingdom.
Canada was invited to join this group in 1976 that
eventually created the Group of Seven.

G-20 “started out in 1999 as a meeting of
finance ministers and central bank governors. In
2008, amidst the global financial crisis, it evolved
into what it is today: a major forum for dialogue
and decision-making attended by world leaders
from vital economies.

“The World Energy Council’s definition of
energy sustainability is based on three core
dimensions: energy security, energy equity,
and environmental sustainability.

Today, with 14 Member Countries, “OPEC’s
objective is to co-ordinate and unify petroleum
policies among Member Countries, in order
to secure fair and stable prices for petroleum
producers; an efficient, economic and regular
supply of petroleum to consuming nations; and
a fair return on capital to those investing in the
industry” (OPEC, 2018).

IAEA is “the world’s central intergovernmental
forum for scientific and technical co-operation in
the nuclear field. It works for the safe, secure and
peaceful uses of nuclear science and technology,
contributing to international peace and security
and the United Nations’ Sustainable Development
Goals”

Coal had been a strategic energy source until the beginning of the 20th century. Therefore, the correct choice is A.

Two-thirds of the world’s oil and natural gas reserves are located in the Middle East, a region located at the crossroads of key commercial maritime routes and straits. Therefore, the correct choice is B.

Competition on resources brings with it some risks and threats such as terrorism, organized crime, migration, and refugee problem. Overproduction may bring pricing problems. Therefore, the correct choice is D.

The issue of energy security has emerged in the 1970s when some nations’ access to oil was blocked by the Arab oil embargo in 1973. Therefore, the correct choice is B. 

Sustainability means that the requested energy can be supplied without any disruption as long as the energy is needed. Therefore, the correct choice is A.

In the last 60 years, the oil market has remained adequately supplied thanks to OPEC. Therefore, the correct choice is C.

On two occasions, oil prices rose steeply in a volatile market, triggered by the Arab oil embargo in 1973 and the outbreak of the Iranian Revolution in 1979. Therefore, the correct choice is E.

The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) works for the safe, secure and peaceful uses of nuclear science and technology, contributing to international peace and security. Therefore, the correct choice is D.

There are different approaches to energy security and it seems to be that where Russia is focusing on reviving the energy geopolitics, the USA prefers to concentrate on energy imperialism. Therefore, the correct choice is C.

The 1980 Carter Doctrine has underlined the importance of oil for both national economic welfare and the global economy. Therefore, the correct choice is E.