ULUSLARARASI GÜVENLİK

Security dilemma: This concept refers to the situation where one nation’s efforts to enhance its security creates security concerns for another nation with any prior intention. For example, in the Cold War era, developing nuclear weapons cause a security dilemma, which had almost resulted in a new world war in the early 1960s. This dilemma has been further manifested in the international arena with increasing military technologies, arms races, and deterrent national policies. In an attempt to solve this dilemma, nations resorted to such policies as arms control, disarmament, reduction or elimination of certain weapons as well as diplomatic efforts to reach a consensus on international security issues. Therefore, the correct option is A.

Sustainability means that the requested energy can be supplied without any disruption as long as the energy is needed. Therefore, the correct option is C.

The Group of Seven (G-7) is a forum of the world’s seven most industrialized economies. G-6 was formed in 1975 by France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Canada was invited to join this group in 1976 that eventually created the Group of Seven. In 1998, the Russian Federation (RF) was accepted by the G-7 countries as a full member, transforming G-7 into the Group of Eight (G-8). However, in 2014, Russia was suspended from G-8 after it had annexed Crimea and created tensions with Ukraine. Therefore, the correct option is D.

G-7 has recognized the key role of the energy transition through the development of new markets for clean energy and through non-marketdistortive support measures. The enhancement of research and development of innovative technologies are crucial for the future, recognizing that both economic growth and environmental protection could be achieved. Therefore, the correct option is B.

G20 acknowledges “the crucial role of energy in shaping the future, within different national circumstances as well as the need for persistent actions to address global challenges, including climate change and energy security.” The Group also recognizes that energy transitions are essential for the development of long-term strategies that combine economic growth and the reduction of greenhouse gases. Therefore, the correct option is E.

“The World Energy Council’s definition of energy sustainability is based on three core dimensions: energy security, energy equity, and environmental sustainability. These three goals constitute a ‘trilemma’, entailing complex interwoven links between public and private actors, governments and regulators, economic and social factors, national resources, environmental concerns, and individual behaviors. Therefore, the correct option is C.

OPEC is a permanent intergovernmental organization that was formed at the Baghdad Conference, held on September 10-14, 1960, by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela. Today, with 14 Member Countries, “OPEC’s objective is to co-ordinate and unify petroleum policies among Member Countries, in order to secure fair and stable prices for petroleum producers; an efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum to consuming nations; and a fair return on capital to those investing in the industry”. Therefore, the correct option is A.

Members of OPEC (as of March 2019): Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Libya (1962), the United Arab Emirates (1967), Algeria (1969), Nigeria (1971), Ecuador (1973), Gabon (1975), Angola (2007), Equatorial Guinea (2017), Congo (2018). Therefore, the correct option is C.

UNECE was set up in 1947 by ECOSOC. UNECE is “one of five regional commissions of the United Nations. UNECE’s major aim is to promote pan-European economic integration” (www.unece. org). UNECE’s work on sustainable energy is designed to improve access to affordable and clean energy for all and help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and the carbon footprint of the energy sector in the region. Therefore, the correct option is D.

The International Energy Charter is a “declaration of political intention aiming at strengthening energy cooperation between the signatory states;” however, the Charter “does not bear any legally binding obligation or financial commitment. It maps out common principles for international cooperation in the field of energy. The International Energy Charter reflects some of the most topical energy challenges of the 21st century, in particular: The International Energy Charter is a “declaration of political intention aiming at strengthening energy cooperation between the signatory states;” however, the Charter “does not bear any legally binding obligation or financial commitment. It maps out common principles for international cooperation in the field of energy. The International Energy Charter reflects some of the most topical energy challenges of the 21st century, in particular: 

• “the growing weight of developing countries for global energy security,

• the “trilemma” between energy security, economic development and environmental protection,

• the role of enhanced energy trade for sustainable development,

• the need to promote access to modern energy services, energy poverty reduction, clean technology and capacity building,

• the need for diversification of energy sources and routes,

• the role of regional integration of energy markets” (International Energy Charter, 2016).

Therefore, the correct option is E.

Coal was the main source of energy in the process leading up to the Industrial Revolution. After the invention of steam engines, coal as the crucial source of energy was replaced by oil. The correct answer is E.

G-6 was formed in 1975 by France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Canada was invited to join this group in 1976 that eventually created the Group of Seven. The correct answer is B.

In 1998, the Russian Federation (RF) was accepted by the G-7 countries as a full member, transforming G-7 into the Group of Eight (G-8). However, in 2014, Russia was suspended from G-8 after it had annexed Crimea and created tensions with Ukraine. D is the correct answer.

G-20 “started out in 1999 as a meeting of finance ministers and central bank governors. In 2008, amidst the global financial crisis, it evolved into what it is today: a major forum for dialogue and decision-making attended by world leaders from vital economies. So the correct answer is A.

The given items are about The World Energy Council. The correct answer is C.

Given information is about OPEC. D is the correct option.

The IEA has 30 member countries. The other statements are correct for it. Therefore, the correct answer is option D.

The given information is about UNECE.

The offshore wind energy investment has also reached record levels with the introduction of approximately 4 gigawatts, mostly in Europe. So option D is correct.

While in the 1970s the concept of energy security included the security of supply in terms of accessibility, affordability and adequacy; today it is impossible to discuss energy security without considering economic developments, geopolitical changes, environmental concerns, terrorism as well as potential threats to the energy supply structures. The correct answer is E.