ULUSLARARASI GÜVENLİK

Security dilemma refers to the situation where one nation’s efforts to enhance its security creates security concerns for another nation with any prior intention. For example, in the Cold War era, developing nuclear weapons cause a security dilemma, which had almost resulted in a new world war in the early 1960s. This dilemma has been further manifested in the international arena with increasing military technologies, arms races, and deterrent national policies. In an attempt to solve this dilemma, nations resorted to such policies as arms control, disarmament, reduction or elimination of certain weapons as well as diplomatic efforts to reach a consensus on international security issues

Competition on resources brings with it some risks and threats such as terrorism, organized crime, migration, and refugee problem.

The Middle East, Latin America, the Arctic and the Pacific are critical geographical areas not only because they have almost four-fifths of fossil energy resources but also control the flow of energy, world trade routes, strategic straits, and maritime routes. Therefore, all the developments in these geographical areas affect the energy policies of nation states and energy markets in the world.

Sustainability means that the requested energy can be supplied without any disruption as long as the energy is needed.

Option A is about G-6, C, D and E is about G-7.

OPEC is a permanent intergovernmental organization that was formed at the Baghdad Conference, held on September 10-14, 1960, by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela. Today, with 14 Member Countries.

The IEF “aims to foster greater mutual understanding and awareness of common energy interests among its members. The 72 member countries of the Forum are signatories to the IEF Charter, which outlines the framework of the global energy dialogue through this inter- governmental arrangement.

The Energy Community is an “international organization which brings together the European Union and its neighbors to create an integratedpan-European energy market. The key objective of the Energy Community is to extend the EU internal energy market rules and principles to countries in South East Europe, the Black Sea region and beyond on the basis of a legally binding framework. Specific goals of the Community include:

creating an integrated energy marketallowing for cross-border energy trade and integration with the EU market;

enhancing the security of supply to ensurestable and continuous energy supply that is essential for economic development and social stability;

improving the environmental situation inrelation with energy supply in the region and foster the use of renewable energy and energy efficiency” (Energy Community, 2017).

Solar Photovoltaic (PV) is a technology that converts sunlight (solar radiation) into direct current electricity by using semiconductors. When the sun hits the semiconductor within the PV cell, electrons are freed and form an electric current.

Imperialism has always been at the center of debates in International Relations since the late 19th century. Imperialism signifies an asymmetrical relationship between the materially advanced societies and relatively “backward” societies. Energy imperialism, as a concept in IR, is mostly used for the situations where the natural resources are used by a state as a leverage to attain its political and military objectives (Harshe, 2005, 2071).

The Group of Seven (G-7) is a forum of the world’s seven most industrialized economies. G-6 was formed in 1975 by France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Canada was invited to join this group in 1976 that eventually cThe Group of Seven (G-7) is a forum of the world’s seven most industrialized economies. G-6 was formed in 1975 by France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Canada was invited to join this group in 1976 that eventually created the Group of Seven. In 1998, the Russian Federation (RF) was accepted by the G-7 countries as a full member, transforming G-7 into the Group of Eight (G-8). However, in 2014, Russia was suspended from G-8 after it had annexed Crimea and created tensions with Ukraine. reated the Group of Seven. In 1998, the Russian Federation (RF) was accepted by the G-7 countries as a full member, transforming G-7 into the Group of Eight (G-8). However, in 2014, Russia was suspended from G-8 after it had annexed Crimea and created tensions with Ukraine. The correct answer is C.

This brings us to the discussion of the concept of security dilemma. This concept refers to the situation where one nation’s efforts to enhance its security creates security concerns for another nation with any prior intention. The correct answer is A.

Sustainability means that the requested energy can be supplied without any disruption as long as the energy is needed (APERC, 2017). The correct answer is B.

The concept of availability refers to the presence of energy resources and sustaining the “demand and supply equilibrium” of the world energy resources. Accessibility is important for ensuring the continuous flow of energy within the technological means.  The correct answer is C.

Members of OPEC (as of March 2019): Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Libya (1962), the United Arab Emirates (1967), Algeria (1969), Nigeria (1971), Ecuador (1973), Gabon (1975), Angola (2007), Equatorial Guinea (2017), Congo (2018). The correct answer is B.

“NATO’s role in energy security was first defined in 2008 at the Bucharest Summit, and since then this role has been strengthened. Energy security is a vital element of resilience and has become more important in the past years due to the new security context. Energy efficiency is important not only for logistics and cost-saving in threats of operation, but also for the environment” (NATO, 2016). The correct answer is C.

The Group of Seven (G-7) is a forum of the world’s seven most industrialized economies. G-6 was formed in 1975 by France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Canada was invited to join this group in 1976 that eventually created the Group of Seven. In 1998, the Russian Federation (RF) was accepted by the G-7 countries as a full member, transforming G-7 into the Group of Eight (G-8). However, in 2014, Russia was suspended from G-8 after it had annexed Crimea and created tensions with Ukraine. The correct answer is C.

OPEC is a permanent intergovernmental organization that was formed at the Baghdad Conference, held on September 10-14, 1960, by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela. Today, with 14 Member Countries, “OPEC’s objective is to co-ordinate and unify petroleum policies among Member Countries, in order to secure fair and stable prices for petroleum producers; an efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum to consuming nations; and a fair return on capital to those investing in the industry” (OPEC, 2018). The correct answer is B.

Imperialism has always been at the center of debates in International Relations since the late 19th century. Imperialism signifies an asymmetrical relationship between the materially advanced societies and relatively “backward” societies. Energy imperialism, as a concept in IR, is mostly used for the situations where the natural resources are used by a state as a leverage to attain its political and military objectives (Harshe, 2005, 2071). The correct answer is E.

The Energy Community is an “international organization which brings together the European Union and its neighbors to create an integrated pan-European energy market. The key objective of the Energy Community is to extend the EU internal energy market rules and principles to countries in South East Europe, the Black Sea region and beyond on the basis of a legally binding framework. The correct answer is D.