ULUSLARARASI GÜVENLİK

Inquisition, a judicial procedure and later an institution that was established by the papacy and, sometimes, by secular governments to combat heresy. Derived from the Latin verb inquiro (“inquire into”), the name was applied to commissions in the 13th century and subsequently to similar structures in early modern Europe (www.britannica.com).

Parameters

Explanation

Motive

The reason that the perpetrator has and operates from

Instrument

The act itself

Goal

A result such as death

Intent

To create impact

The Definition of terrorism based on these parameters

Terrorism is a violent act with political content that affects the behavior of millions and that aims at reaching certain results such as death or keeping people under control through fear.

By Location

By Personality

By Purpose

By Target

By Issue

Domestic

Crazies

Political

Mass Terror

Revolutionary

International

Crusaders

Non-political

Dynastic Terror

Political

Non-State

Criminals

Quasi-terrorism

Random Terror

Nationalist

State-sponsored

Limited Political

Focused Random Terror

Cause Based

Internecine

Official or State

Tactical Terror

Environmental

State-sponsored

Nuclear

Genocide

Dynastic Terror: selective targeting of individuals or groups

Domestic: by residents of a country within that country

Genocide: when a government seeks to wipe out a minority group in its territory

Nonpolitical: for private purposes or gain

Quasi-terrorism: skyjacking and hostage taking

Subjective reasons include cultural and social-psychological reasons whereas objective reasons refer to misgovernment, loose democracy, poverty, wealth inequality, ignorance, intellectual awakening, and intellectual stimulation.

The US list of rouge states: Iraq, Iran, Syria, Libya, Cuba, North Korea, and Sudan are the rouge states from the perspective of the American government (see CIA, 2003).

Intellectual awakening/intellectual stimulation, misgovernment, loose democracy, poverty, Wealth inequality, ignorance are objective reasons of terrorism.

” Proxy war may be defined as “conflicts in which a third party intervenes indirectly in order to influence the strategic outcome in favor of its preferred faction.

are some examples of cyber terrorism.

The efforts to justify the emergence of political terrorism
on the basis of specific socio-economic conditions
or psychopathology are doomed to failure. Because,
while political terrorism is an act of certain minority
groups, a significant fraction of terrorists are wealthy
or spoiled persons

Modernity is a period dating back to the 17th and 18th centuries and extending to the mid-20th century (Kırılmaz and Ayparçası, 2016: 33). It is a historical era that refers to concepts such as the nation state, nationalism, industrialization, proletariat, nuclear family, secularism, urbanization, democracy, bureaucracy, bourgeoisie, the rule of law. Therefore, the correct option is C.

In the first century A.D., the Zealots and its fanatic group the Sicarii, a Jewish sect, had undertaken terrorist acts- they are known as the first terrorist groups in history. Their fighting movement Zelaotry, which means conservatism and bigotry, is used to define any member (Zealot) and the movement itself of an ancient Jewish sect which aimed to struggle for Jewish world of theocracy and resistance to the Romans until 70 A.D. Therefore, the correct option is B.

Internecine terrorism refers to the conflict that spills over into another country or fought on foreign soil (Table 6.3). Therefore, the correct option is A.

Tactical Terror is the type that attacks government or politically attractive targets (Table 6.3). Therefore, the correct option is E.

Cultural and social psychological reasons constitute the subjective reasons. Cultural reasons refer to the material practice and spiritual practice of a society. A culture that values violence or war may be given as an example for cultural reasons of terrorism. Social-psychological reasons also help explain political violence. Among these reasons, “intent detection and anger” and “expectation of revenge” stand out. Academic studies show that “intent detection” increases the anger and the aggression has the potential to cause further aggression as long as the anticipation of revenge keeps the negative thoughts in the consciousness (Taylor et al., 2007: 412453).

Therefore, one can conclude that giving voice to “malevolence” may create a potential enemy. Iran’s labeling the US as “the Great Satan” and Israel as the “Little Satan” is an example of “intent detection and anger.” On the other hand, the US list of rogue states is another example of “intent detection and anger.” Moreover, the violence that continues over a long time may provide future generations with cultural and social-psychological reasons for the continuation of a conflict, as we have observed in the case of the Palestine-Israeli conflict. As such, both “intent detection and anger” and “expectation of revenge” increase violence. In other words, violence causes violence. Therefore, the correct option is E.

Misgovernment: According to the the United Nations, the basic features of good governance are political participation, rule of law, transparency, accountability, equality and inclusion, responsibility, effectiveness and efficiency, and consensus-orientedness.Therefore, one may regard misgovernment as the opposite of “good governance.” Misgovernment, then, refers to an arbitrary and autocratic rule- not a constitutional state but a law state that is divorced from merit, accountability, and transparency. Therefore, the correct option is D.

The US list of rouge states: Iraq, Iran, Syria, Libya, Cuba, North Korea, and Sudan are the rouge states from the perspective of the American government (see CIA, 2003). Therefore, the correct option is C.

the army has three main roles in combating terrorism:

• anti terrorism: defense measures to reduce vulnerability of populations, territories, and infrastructure, information and communication systems.

• counter terrorism: offensive measures to track down, prevent, deter, and interdict terrorist activities.

• result management: measures to limit the consequences of terrorist attacks, and to stabilize the situation in the aftermath of such attacks with the support of civilian authorities.

Therefore, the correct option is B.

International anti-terrorism initiatives continue to suffer from three major weaknesses:

1) the problem of how to define terrorism,

2) inadequate efforts,

3) the limited resources and expertise.

Therefore, the correct option is D.

One may give the following possible scenarios in an attempt to better define and explain cyber terrorism:

• Blocking emergency communications or cutting off electricity or water in the wake of a conventional bombing or a biological, chemical, or radiation attack,

• Destroying the actual machinery of the information infrastructure,

• Disrupting the information technology underlying the internet, government computer networks, or critical civilian systems such as financial networks or mass media,

• Using computer networks to take over machines that control traffic lights, power plants, or dams in order to cause collateral damage,

• Stealing classified information, altering the content of web pages, disseminating false information, sabotaging operations, erasing data etc. in cyber milieu,

• Disrupting financial markets or media broadcasts, an attack could undermine confidence or cause panic such as breaching dams, colliding airplanes, shutting down the power grid etc., via remote control systems.

Therefore, the correct option is D.