ULUSLARARASI GÜVENLİK

The UN enumerates peace operations as con ict prevention, peacemaking, peacekeeping, peace enforcement, and peacebuilding. The last one, peacebuilding, comprises a range of measures targeted to reduce the risk of resuming the conflict by strengthening indigenous capacities to provide a basis for sustainable peace and development.

The evolution of peace operations can be divided into three main phases as the period before the League of Nations (antecedents), the League of Nations phase (novice attempts), and the current period beginning after the foundation of the United Nations (maturity). The first phase could begin with the Crusades and end before the establishment of the League of Nations. The following phase covers the period of League of Nations. The third phase starts with the founding of United Nations, and still continues.

If there is breach of universally recognized civil rights in a sovereign state over its citizens, then, that state could face the consequences of humanitarian intervention.

Chapter VII examines the situations which yield threats to the peace, breaches of the peace, and acts of aggression. Article 41 in Chapter VII outlines the measures of the interruption of economic relations and of rail, sea, air, postal, telegraphic, radio, and other means of communication, and the severance of diplomatic relations with these states threatening the security.

The sovereignty of a state is embodied by Westphalia Agreement, and it is reiterated and strengthened by Articles 2.1, 2.7, and 51 of the UN Charter.

The theory of national self-determination is “peoples” have a right to determine the shape of their association, including the political association.

Although there are minor differences in definitions, some common points could be derived from these conceptualization efforts on humanitarian intervention: 1.It comprises use of military force; 2.Humanitarian intervention must lack the consent of the government of the target state; 3.It takes place where there is actual or impending grievous suffering or loss of life; 4.External agent should carry out humanitarian intervention; 5.The Security Council authorization is required..

The rising role of regional organizations in peace operations could be attributed to several factors. First, they are very eager to take parts in this kind of operations to pursue their own interests. Secondly, their intervention is required because of suffering from high intensity of violence by varied actors and contagious transnational effects. Third, it is a response of the UN with a variety of related (sub) organizations by acknowledging local differences. Fourth, powerful donors have been needed in order to pursue peace operations effectively

The characteristics of armed conflicts have changed. Being called as the 4th generation of warfare, it has such distinctive features as follows: actors are generally non- state but state sponsored armed organizations and terrorist groups; socio-cultural structures have generally been on the target; the exploitation of high technological media assets is widespread; psychological operations have been wielded alongside armed attacks; the violence is protracted and committed by nontraditional means.

The League of Nations was founded in 1920 as a result of the Paris Peace Conference ending the First Great War. It was the first international organization established by the goal of achieving international peace. As stated in its agreement act, the organization aimed to resolve the disputes through negotiation and arbitration.

Humanitarian intervention is an action undertaken by an organization/international entity usually by a single state and/or a coalition of states.

Sovereignty means a central governing authority within a specified geographical territory, combined with the recognition of its status by other states conferring on the state sovereignty.

uments among definitions, some common points could be derived from these conceptualization efforts on humanitarian intervention (Weiss, 2002; Pattison, 2010: 25-27; Shimko, 2010):

1.It comprises use of force, particularly mili- tary elements.

2.Humanitarian intervention must lack the consent of the government of the target state.

3.It takes place where there is actual or im- pending grievous suffering or loss of life.

4. External agent should carry out humani- tarian intervention.

5. Humanitarian intervention must have a humanitarian intention.

6. The Security Council authorization is required.

Peace-building activities are the efforts undertaken at the end of conflict to halt overt violence, lessen its counter effects and prevent the recurrence of disturbances.

The League of Nations was founded in 1920 as a result of the Paris Peace Conference ending the First Great War.

The UN period, that is the 3rd phase of peace operations, could be elaborated through four generations such as traditional peacekeeping, civilian tasks, peace enforcement, and peace-building.

European Union (EU), Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), African Union (AU), Organization of American States, Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the Organization of AmericanStates(OAS),NATO and the World Bank are among the main contributors of peace operations.

NATO expanded its operational field by Afghanistan in 2003 as well. It took over the operational responsibility of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) mission, called as Resolute Support (RS) in January 1st 2015.

The EU also constituted European Gendarmerie Force (EUROGENDFOR) in 2004 as a Multinational Law Enforcement Force to participate in the stabilization of crisis and conflict areas outside the EU. It currently operates in five countries such as Bosnia and Herzegovina, Haiti, Mali, Afghanistan, and Central African Republic (European Gendarmerie Force, 2018).

League of Nations has not been successful to prevent aggression and proved its own incompetency with the eruption of the 2nd World War.