ULUSLARARASI GÜVENLİK

The Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) came into force in 1970. The correct answer is A.

In principle, the UN Charter has outlawed initiating a war of aggression. The correct answer is B.

The right of self-defense is enshrined in Article 51 of the UN Charter.

Article 2/4 of the UN Charter is the main rule that regulates the use of force in international relations. The correct answer is D.

The UN Secretary-General who invented the concept of peacekeeping is Dag Hammarskjöld. The correct answer is E.

Upon the Suez Crisis, the UN Emergency Force (UNEF-I) was launched by the UN General Assembly in 1956. The correct answer is A.

The following two missions were the peace enforcement missions where the UN troops had to physically fight: 1) The UN Operation in Congo (UNOC): started on July 14, 1960 with the Security Council Resolution 143 and continued until June 1964; 2) The UN Operation in Somali (UNOSOM II): started on March 26, 1993 with the Security Council Resolution 814 and continued until March 1995 under the leadership of the USA. The correct answer is B.

According to Ajaj, humanitarian intervention refers to the short-term use of force to exclusively re-establish respect for human rights. The correct answer is B.

The International Criminal Court is a permanent international court that was established by the Rome Statute.

5 permanent members of the UN Security Council are the United States, Russia, China, France, and the United Kingdom. The correct answer is C.

The first point of debate on Article 2/4 is the meaning and scope of the concept ‘force.’ According to the positivist approach, which interprets Article 2/4 from a relatively narrow perspective, the use of force in international relations refers to the actual use of military force or to threatening a state with using military force.

Article 2/6 of the UN Charter stipulates that “the Organization shall ensure that states which are not Members of the United Nations act in accordance with these Principles so far as may be necessary for the maintenance of international peace and security.” As such, Article 2/6 emphasizes that even those states that are not members of the UN must comply with the Charter’s rules and norms on peace and security as well as it provides a legal ground for UN members to impose sanctions on these states, if necessary.

The right of self-defense is enshrined in Article 51 of the UN Charter. Article 51 provides that “nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self-defense if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the United Nations, until the Security Council has taken measures necessary to maintain international peace and security.

According to Article 53 of the UN Charter, “The Security Council shall, where appropriate, utilize such regional arrangements or agencies for enforcement action under its authority. But no enforcement action shall be taken under regional arrangements or by regional agencies without the authorization of the Security Council.

Chapter VI of the UN Charter empowers the Security Council on the issue of “peaceful resolution of disputes” among states and defines various political and judicial solutions. Whereas these measures would be inadequate, Chapter VII of the UN Charter gives the authorization to the Security Council to take precautions of the implementation of necessary sanctions and coercive measures, including the use of force.

There is no legal arrangement for “peacekeeping” in the UN Charter. In fact, the concept of, and the mission of, peacekeeping is something invented by the then UN Secretary General Dag Hammarskjöld, because the Security Council had become paralyzed and perplexed due to the Cold War and especially to the conflictual relations between the two superpowers that made it impossible for the UN to implement the clauses of Chapter VII.

As a rule, the authority to decide on a peacekeeping mission or a military intervention rests with the Security Council. As stated in Article 24 of the UN Charter, “in order to ensure prompt and effective action by the United Nations, its Members assign the Security Council with the main responsibility to maintain the international peace and security.”

The following two missions were the peace enforcement missions where the UN troops had to physically fight: 1) The UN Operation in Congo (UNOC): started on July 14, 1960 with the Security Council Resolution 143 and continued until June 1964; 2) The UN Operation in Somali (UNOSOM II): started on March 26, 1993 with the Security Council Resolution 814 and continued until March 1995 under the leadership of the USA.

Scholars have given various definitions of the concept. For example, Rogers believes that humanitarian intervention is “protecting another state’s population from serious and enduring human rights violations without the decision of the Security Council” (Rogers, 2003-2004: 730).

the Security Council, through its Resolution 1373, adopted some measures to combat the financing of terrorism and established the Counter-Terrorism Committee in an attempt to coordinate the member states’ activities against terrorism (UN Security Council, 2001b).