ULUSLARARASI GÜVENLİK

ISS is defined as “the study of the threat, use, and control of military force.”

The critical security approaches, on the other hand, aim to widen the concept of security through the issue linkage and bringing into discussion new types of threats, actors, and referent objects.

The traditionalist security approaches have the following features: First, they have mostly emphasized the military aspects of security as well as the concepts such as war, defense, strategy, and geopolitics.

Environmental security deals with the maintenance of local and planetary biosphere as well as space in order to ensure continued existence of all human beings (Buzan, 1999: 433).

Political security focuses on the organizational stability of states, systems of government, and ideologies that give them legitimacy.

During the Cold War, international security has been conceptualized within national security perspective that aims to overcome the mutual nuclear global destruction.

The state is the primary provider of security. If the state is secure, all other actors are secure. A coalition of states, UN Security Council, state-sponsored private security firms: the others are the features of human security.

Conflict analysis is a tool of the complex dynamics of interactive processes to explain and / or understand (Hollis, 1994) why and how people use violence.

Political repression and human rights abuses are about political security.

Biosecurity is a general term to put necessary measures to prevent unwanted biological invasions that may include human, plants, animals, viruses, and so on.

It is possible to classify ISS under two main approaches: Traditionalist and Critical. Military oriented and state-centered conception of Security Studies (SS) and Peace Research are classified under the traditionalist approach whereas the Feminist Security Studies, the Copenhagen School, Poststructuralism, and Constructivist Security Studies under the Critical approach.

Buzan distinguished five models of security due to newly emerging diversity of perceived threats: Political security focuses on the organizational stability of states, systems of government, and ideologies that give them legitimacy.

Technology, innovations and new inventions based on information technologies, precision-guided weapons, and stealth technology have opened new and unconventional forms of warfare: irregular warfare, asymmetrical warfare, psychological and information warfare, cyber warfare, hybrid warfare, and Nano-warfare. Irregular warfare is a violent struggle among states and non-state actors for legitimacy and influence over the relevant populations.

During the Cold War, international security has been conceptualized within national security perspective that aims to overcome the mutual nuclear global destruction. The study of international security has focused on clearly defined enemies, the threat of use of deadly military force, the fear of mutually assured destruction (MAD), the two bloc’s ideological confrontations, and the attempt to avoid the Third World War.

Collective security is rested on Alexandre Dumas’ d’Artagnan and his fellow Musketeers motto: “One for all, and all for one!” The Musketeers motto has following rules in collective security: If international peace and stability is threatened, international community via the CSO act timely with appropriate acts including public condemnation, economic boycott, sanctions, and the use of force.

The nuclear weapons states are the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)-designated nuclear weapon states (China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, and United States) and other states with nuclear weapons (India, North Korea, and Pakistan).

It is possible to explain, analyze and understand the international security in six levels: • Individual level: Security for the individual. • Societal level: Security for the social group, i.e. ethnic, national, religious, linguistic, or community groups. • National level: Security for the state or nation. • Regional level: Security for the region, that is, a coherent security region. • International level: Security for the international society, the society of nations, and most states in the world. • Global level: Security for the planet Earth and space.

The end of the Cold War has revived the effective handling of conflict and the resolution of self-stimulating and self-perpetuating violent conflicts with multidisciplinary analysis. Conflict occurs in different contexts, namely interpersonal, intergroup, organizational, international and global levels.

Conflict can be influenced by attitudes, situations, behaviors, goals, values, and beliefs. In order to cope with the incompatible goals, objectives, images, and emotions, the conflicting parties may use five main conflict styles: Avoidance, Accommodation, Competition, Compromise, and Collaboration.

Types of Human Security Threats: Economic Security: Persistent poverty; Food Security: Hunger anad famine; Health Security: Deadly infectious disease, unsafe food, malnutrition, lack of access to basic health care; Environmental Security: Environmental degradation, resource depletion, natural disasters, pollution; Personal Security: Physical violence, crime, terrorism, domestic violence, child labor; Community Security: Inter-ethnic, religious, and other identity-based tensions; Political Security: Political repression, human rights abuses.