ULUSLARARASI GÜVENLİK

The traditionalist security approaches have the following features: First, they have mostly emphasized the military aspects of security as well as the concepts such as war, defense, strategy, and geopolitics. They have focused on the problem of national security and the nation-state. Second, the traditionalist security approaches mostly choose a narrow or mono-sectoral agenda and attach priority to one sector (military), one actor (the state), and one action (the use of force). Finally, the traditionalist security approaches have a statist perspective, which is based on a scientific and objectivist understanding of knowledge. Therefore, the correct option is C.

The critical security approaches, on the other hand, aim to widen the concept of security through the issue linkage and bringing into discussion new types of threats, actors, and referent objects. The critical security approaches hold that threats and referent objects are socially-constructed. The critical ISS has developed over the past two decades with new debates on broadening and deepening the scope of security and its referent objects. It adopts diverse sets of theories and some form of post-positivist approach of security that shifts the ontological foundations of understanding of security towards on an emphasis on processes of construction, ideas, and identities. Critical approaches claim the logic of appropriateness in relation to norms and expectations, the logic of exceptionalism in securitization theory, the logic of practicality, the dynamics of discourse, or the potential paths towards security as emancipation. Therefore, the correct option is A.

Private security has unforeseen impacts on international security. First, they present challenges in the structures of authority, legitimacy, international law, and global governance. Secondly, they erode the power of the state and threaten state authority inside and contemporary structures of governance. Therefore, the correct option is D.

Private security has unforeseen impacts on international security. First, they present challenges in the structures of authority, legitimacy, international law, and global governance. Secondly, they erode the power of the state and threaten state authority inside and contemporary structures of governance. Thirdly, they lead to the emergence of “global security assemblages: public and private as well as local and global new security structures. Lastly, the geographical boundaries of the nation-state became less important. Private security practices in different parts of the world produce complex relations and different tensions on private-public and global-local relations Therefore, the correct option is C.

Buzan distinguished five models of security due to newly emerging diversity of perceived threats:

1. Military security concerns itself with the two-level interplay of the armed offensive and defensive capabilities of states and state’s perceptions of each other’s intentions,

2. Political security focuses on the organizational stability of states, systems of government, and ideologies that give them legitimacy,

3. Economic security emphasizes on prioritazing access to resources, finance, and markets necessary to sustain acceptable levels of welfare and state power,

4. Societal security concerns itself with the ability of societies to reproduce their traditional patterns of language, culture, association, religious and national identities and customs within acceptable conditions for evolution,

5. Environmental security deals with the maintenance of local and planetary biosphere as well as space in order to ensure continued existence of all human beings.

Therefore, the correct option is E.

Irregular warfare is a violent struggle among states and non-state actors for legitimacy and influence over the relevant populations. Therefore, the correct option is B.

Information warfare is a type of battle for the control of the digital space involving the whole society. The basic strategies of Information Warfare are to deny access to information, disrupt/ destroy information, steal data and manipulate data to change its context or its perception Therefore, the correct option is A.

Hybrid warfare combines both conventional (state-tostate) and irregular warfare (terrorism, insurgency, and counterterrorism). Therefore, the correct option is C.

The nuclear weapons states are the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)-designated nuclear weapon states (China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, and United States) and other states with nuclear weapons (India, North Korea, and Pakistan). Therefore, the correct option is E.

It is possible to explain, analyze and understand the international security in six levels:

• Individual level: Security for the individual.

• Societal level: Security for the social group, i.e. ethnic, national, religious, linguistic, or community groups.

• National level: Security for the state or nation.

• Regional level: Security for the region, that is, a coherent security region.

• International level: Security for the international society, the society of nations, and most states in the world.

• Global level: Security for the planet Earth and space. 

Therefore, the correct option is C.

Peace Research belongs to traditionalist approach. Others belong to Critical approach.

Features of 1 and 4 belong to traditionalist approach. Other features belong to critical approach.

Asymmetrical warfare is defined as threats outside the range of conventional warfare
and attacks that are difficult to respond to in kind such as suicide bombings.

The Amphictyonic League was established by the Greek-city states in order to maintain internal security by the commitment of the collective group of small city-states.

Philosophical roots of collective security are realism, neo-realism and neoliberal
institutionalism.

Preventive deployment is a new concept for the UN. It was first advocated by the Secretary-General in Agenda for Peace and was applied for the first time in Macedonia. The essence of this strategy is a preventive military action rather than a diplomatic response. It involves the positioning of troops, military observers and related personnel on one or both sides of a border between entities that are in dispute (or where there is an emerging threat of conflict).

Cultural violence is the use of nationalism, racism, sexism, Islamophobia, xenophobia, and other forms of discrimination in the media, the arts, education, literature, films, street names, monuments, celebrating special national days and heroes, etc. to intellectually justify direct and structural violence.

A disagreement between Britain and Spain over the sovereignty of Gibraltar is an
international dispute rather than an international conflict.

Community security includes inter-ethnic, religious, and
other identity-based tensions.

Biosecurity is a general term to put necessary measures to prevent unwanted biological invasions that may include human, plants, animals, viruses, and so on.