ULUSLARARASI GÜVENLİK - Deneme Sınavı - 6

Foreign Minister Lloyd Axworthy and Norwegian Foreign Minister Knut Vollebaek met on the island of Lysoen near Bergen, Norway, to craft an international agreement on advancing basic human security. The pact, known as the Lysoen Declaration, led to the creation of the Human Security Network by a coalition of governments and to greater global cooperation on a wide range of issues related to peace, conflict, and the protection of human lives.

Although in one way or another environmental politics has been with us for a long time now, the idea of systematically protecting the environment is the product of the 20th century. Green politics or ecology became a significant national and international issue in the 1960s. Starting from the 1960s, the environmentalist movements have been influential in world politics. One of the first calls for an ecological approach to world problems came with Rachel Carson’s (1962) book entitled The Silent Spring, which has sold more than two million copies as well as Murray Bookchin’s work Our Synthetic Environment.

In 1972, the Club of Rome released a report, Limits of Growth, in which it was suggested that if the then economic patterns continued, the world would soon experience an ecological disaster. Limits of Growth was the first report that has warned that humanity is on the verge of a global economic and ecological destruction. Limits of Growth has also laid the foundations of the concept of sustainable development. Meanwhile, “Redefining National Security,” was an article written by Lester Brown claiming that new threats to security such as oil depletion, soil erosion, shrinking forests, and climate change should be addressed within the framework of national security

Tragedy of the commons is a common good dilemma that is created when common environmental assets (such as the world’s sherries) are depleted or degraded through the failure of states to cooperate effectively.

Economic security refers to the entitlement of any individual to have a minimum regular income that comes from a lucrative activity or, as a last resort, from a social security trust fund. Taking such a view can only mean that only a quarter of the whole world’s population benefits from economic security. Even if the problems related to economic insecurity are greater in the developing countries, the developed states also show concern for these problems.

One of the quantitative targets set out in the Millennium Development Goals to be achieved in the 1990-2015 period was to halve the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water.

There are four main components of food security. These are availability, accessibility, utilization, and stability. Utilization refers to food quality and nutritional content. This relates to health, HIV/AIDS, access to water and clean energy sources.

The analyses of the Realist school, however, were re-evaluated by several international theories such as Marxism, liberalism, constructivism and the Copenhagen school.

The concept of threat consists of events or phenomena that have the
potential negative consequences for the existence of
values of a state, society, or individual.

While discussing security, we should mention
its two critical dimensions: national security
and international security.

The Middle East, Latin America, the Arctic
and the Pacific are critical geographical areas not
only because they have almost four-fifths of fossil
energy resources but also control the flow of
energy, world trade routes, strategic straits, and
maritime routes. Therefore, all the developments in
these geographical areas affect the energy policies
of nation states and energy markets in the world

In a 2007 study, it listed these components as follows: energy
efficiency, availability, accessibility, affordability,
and sustainability. There has been some discussion
on these components; however, the APERC’s
approach has been widely accepted in academic
circles

The Group of Seven (G-7) is a forum of the
world’s seven most industrialized economies. G-6
was formed in 1975 by France, Germany, Italy,
Japan, the United States, and the United Kingdom.
Canada was invited to join this group in 1976 that
eventually created the Group of Seven.

G-20 “started out in 1999 as a meeting of
finance ministers and central bank governors. In
2008, amidst the global financial crisis, it evolved
into what it is today: a major forum for dialogue
and decision-making attended by world leaders
from vital economies.

“The World Energy Council’s definition of
energy sustainability is based on three core
dimensions: energy security, energy equity,
and environmental sustainability.

Today, with 14 Member Countries, “OPEC’s
objective is to co-ordinate and unify petroleum
policies among Member Countries, in order
to secure fair and stable prices for petroleum
producers; an efficient, economic and regular
supply of petroleum to consuming nations; and
a fair return on capital to those investing in the
industry” (OPEC, 2018).

IAEA is “the world’s central intergovernmental
forum for scientific and technical co-operation in
the nuclear field. It works for the safe, secure and
peaceful uses of nuclear science and technology,
contributing to international peace and security
and the United Nations’ Sustainable Development
Goals”

Scholars have given various definitions of the concept. For example, Rogers believes that humanitarian intervention is “protecting another state’s population from serious and enduring human rights violations without the decision of the Security Council” (Rogers, 2003-2004: 730).

Modernity is a period dating back to the 17th and 18th centuries and extending to the mid-20th century. It is a historical era that refers to concepts such as the nation-state, nationalism, industrialization, proletariat, nuclear family, secularism, urbanization, democracy, bureaucracy, bourgeoisie, the rule of law.

One may say that the examples of terror before the Modernity occurred essentially in the context of religion. In the first century A.D., the Zealots and its fanatic group the Sicarii, a Jewish sect, had undertaken terrorist acts- they are known as the first terrorist groups in history. Their fighting movement Zelaotry, which means conservatism and bigotry, is used to define any member (Zealot) and the movement itself of an ancient Jewish sect that aimed to struggle for the Jewish world of theocracy and resistance to the Romans until 70 A.D.