ULUSLARARASI GÜVENLİK - Deneme Sınavı - 5

The inquisition was institutionalized in the 13th century and it reigned until the 19th century. However, it even dates back to the11th century (Eroğlu, 2004: 93-100). Through the inquisition, those who were believed to have acted contrary to the doctrines of the Catholic Church were condemned as misbelievers. Then, they were first excommunicated and later transferred to the courts to ‘leave the world’. Inquisition, a judicial procedure and later an institution that was established by the papacy and, sometimes, by secular governments to combat heresy. Derived from the Latin verb inquiro (“inquire into”), the name was applied to commissions in the 13th century and subsequently to similar structures in early modern Europe

In defining terrorism, it may be helpful to employ some parameters. For example, Başeren (2006) examines the definition of terrorism through such parameters as motive, instrument, goal, and intent. The motive is the reason for the act that the perpetrator has, works to satisfy, and operates from. The instrument is the terror act itself. The goal of terrorism refers to achieving a result such as killing and death. Intent refers to creating a certain impact. The motive is something political and requires violent action. The threat of violence may suffice if perpetrators have already caused fear in society through previous acts of violence.

The other priorities of counter-terrorism include:
• Minimizing the support for terrorist groups,
• Understand the motivation of the groups and relevant recruitment factors,
• Understand the strategic importance of labeling of a group (terrorist, guerilla or revolutionaries etc.)

Military action is sometimes the appropriate response to terrorist acts. However, a large military may not be able to prevent terrorist attacks for the following basic reasons:
• terrorists are not traditional enemies that may be deterred by traditional military force;
• terrorism is not traditional warfare;
• terrorists choose the time and the place of their attacks, and their targets are not on military battlefields;
• terrorists do not wear uniforms to distinguish themselves from their enemies;
• terrorists are the antithesis of the type of enemy that armed forces are designed and trained to fight

Finally, the army has three main roles in combating terrorism:
• anti-terrorism: defense measures to reduce vulnerability of populations, territories, and infrastructure, information and communication systems.
• counter-terrorism: offensive measures to track down, prevent, deter, and interdict terrorist activities.
• result management: measures to limit the consequences of terrorist attacks, and to stabilize the situation in the aftermath of such attacks with the support of civilian authorities.

Cimbri killers, Zealots, Sicarii and Assassins are among the terrorist groups before Modernity (dating back to 17th century). The correct answer is C.

Modernity is a period dating back to the 17th and 18th centuries and extending to the mid-20th century. It is a historical era that refers to concepts such as the nation state, nationalism, industrialization, proletariat, nuclear family, secularism, urbanization, democracy, bureaucracy, bourgeoisie, the rule of law. The correct answer is E.

Inquisition, a judicial procedure and later an institution that was established by the papacy and, sometimes, by secular governments to combat heresy. However, it even dates back to the11th century  Through the inquisition, those who were believed to have acted contrary to the doctrines of the Catholic Church were condemned as misbelievers. Then, they were first excommunicated and later transferred to the courts to ‘leave the world’. The method for ‘leaving the world’ included various forms of torture such as auto-da-fe and drownings. The inquisition was revived and reinvented in the fight against the Protestants in the 16th century. The correct answer is D.

Modernity is a period dating back to the 17th and 18th centuries and extending to the mid-20th century.

Another group, the Assassins, was established by Hassan-i Sabbah in 1090.

Inquisition, a judicial procedure and later an institution that was established by the papacy and, sometimes, by secular governments to combat heresy.

In terms of etymology, terrorism was used for the first time in the dictionary of French Academy in 1789 to explain the Reign of Terror, the period of the French Revolution from September 5, 1793, to July 27, 1794.

For example, Başeren examines the definition of terrorism through such parameters as motive, instrument, goal, and intent.

This typology classifies terrorism and terrorists into five distinctive subgroups: by location (domestic, international, non-state, state-sponsored, internecine), by personality trait, by purpose, by target, and by issue.

This typology classifies terrorism and terrorists into five distinctive subgroups: by location, by personality trait, by purpose, by target, and by issue (revolutionary, political, etc.).

Subjective reasons include cultural and social-psychological reasons whereas objective reasons refer to misgovernment, loose democracy, poverty, wealth inequality, ignorance, intellectual awakening, and intellectual stimulation.

The number of fatalities reached a peak in the mid 2010s with more than 40.000 people killed.