ULUSLARARASI GÜVENLİK - Deneme Sınavı - 2

Competition on resources brings with it some risks and threats such as terrorism, organized crime, migration, and refugee problem. Overproduction may bring pricing problems. Therefore, the correct choice is D.

The issue of energy security has emerged in the 1970s when some nations’ access to oil was blocked by the Arab oil embargo in 1973. Therefore, the correct choice is B. 

Sustainability means that the requested energy can be supplied without any disruption as long as the energy is needed. Therefore, the correct choice is A.

In the last 60 years, the oil market has remained adequately supplied thanks to OPEC. Therefore, the correct choice is C.

On two occasions, oil prices rose steeply in a volatile market, triggered by the Arab oil embargo in 1973 and the outbreak of the Iranian Revolution in 1979. Therefore, the correct choice is E.

The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) works for the safe, secure and peaceful uses of nuclear science and technology, contributing to international peace and security. Therefore, the correct choice is D.

There are different approaches to energy security and it seems to be that where Russia is focusing on reviving the energy geopolitics, the USA prefers to concentrate on energy imperialism. Therefore, the correct choice is C.

The 1980 Carter Doctrine has underlined the importance of oil for both national economic welfare and the global economy. Therefore, the correct choice is E.

Security dilemma is another key feature of the competitive international system. Security dilemma refers to a condition in which actions taken by one actor to improve its national security are interpreted as aggressive/offensive by other actors, thereby provoking military counter-moves.

In onshore balancing, a great power deploys some of its capacity forward in selected regions of the world to contain a rival. Offshore balancing, on the other hand, describes a strategy in which a great power keeps all of its national capabilities, particularly military capabilities, at home and uses regional powers and/or proxies to balance the threatening actors

buck-passing refers to the behavior of a state when it refuses to balance against a rising state, hoping that another threatened state will furnish the necessary blood and treasure

Although most alliances also comprise some activities that take place while the treaty is in force such as the coordination of doctrines or joint exercises, the backbone of an alliance is certain specific behaviors that shall be followed in case of a certain situation. This is sometimes referred to as casus foederis. This element distinguishes the alliances from mere security cooperation or nonaggression pacts.

The concept of strategic partnership has been widely used to describe the security alignments, among others, between Japan-Australia, the USAIndia, the USA-Turkey, and NATO-the EU. The strategic partnership is neither an alliance nor a coalition, rather a structured collaboration between states to take joint advantage of economic opportunities or to respond to security challenges more effectively.

The NPT, which legitimizes the use of nuclear energy for peaceful reasons, bans the non-nuclear-weapon states to acquire a nuclear capacity while bringing an obligation on the part of the nuclear weapon states not to transfer nuclear-weapons technology to third parties. Therefore, the correct option is D.

George Liska, an advocate of the balance of power theory, uses historical cases to demonstrate the significance of this theory (Liska, 1962: 32- 33). To him, international relations and alliances are two indispensable concepts, and they always exist together.

During the last quarter of the 19th century, the balance of power in Europe was disrupted by several developments such as the weakness of France due to the Napoleonic wars, the retreat of the Ottoman Empire from Europe, and the rise of both Germany and Italy. Consequently, several alliances were formed which re-established the equilibrium in Europe.

The Cold War is assumed to have begun with the famous Iron Curtain speech by Winston Churchill on March 5, 1946.

A

The 2010 Strategic Concept, Active Engagement, Modern Defense, is a very clear and resolute statement on NATO’s core tasks and principles, its values, the evolving security environment and the Alliance’s strategic objectives for the next decade. After having described NATO as “a unique community of values committed to the principles of individual liberty, democracy, human rights and the rule of law,” it presents NATO’s three essential core tasks: collective defense, crisis management and cooperative security. It also emphasizes alliance solidarity, the importance of transatlantic consultation, and the need to engage in a continuous process of reform.

Alliances are said to be typically associated with the Westphalian state system and the European balance of power. However, many examples date back as early as to the 5th century BC, when two alliances were formed during the Peloponnesian War: the League of Delian led by Athens, and the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta. Therefore, the correct option is D.