ULUSLARARASI GÜVENLİK - Deneme Sınavı - 14

Structural realism emphasizes four core elements of international politics:

• States are seen as rational actors and by far the most important actors in the international system.

• The international system is anarchic; there is no international authority that can prevent the use of force between states.

• Each state cannot take its security for granted and thus, is responsible for ensuring its own survival, most notably through the nurturing of material capabilities.

• The balance of power (the formation of alliances with certain states to counter the threat of other states) is the defining mechanism that regulates the international system and explains war and peace

As it is defined in Article 41, the Council can call for “ the suspension of all or part of the economic relations and of rail, sea, air, postal, telegraphic, radio, and other means of communication” under the circumstances of an international dispute or conflict. However, according to Article 42 “If the Security Council considers that measures provided by Article 41 would be inadequate or have proved to be inadequate, it may take what steps are seen as necessary by air, sea, or land forces in order to maintain or restore international peace and security. Such actions may include demonstrations, blockade, and other operations by air, sea, or land forces of Members of the United Nations. Therefore, according to Article 42, the Security Council can authorize the use of armed force in the international system.

In international politics, balance of power refers to a condition in which no one state predominates over others, tending to create general equilibrium and curb the hegemonic ambitions of all states. Therefore, the correct option is C

Omni-balancing is a more suitable strategy to explain the balancing behavior of the leaders of the third world states. This concept suggests that omnibalancing explains Third World alignments as a consequence of leaders seeking to counter internal and external threats to their rule. Therefore, the correct option is B.

A Nonaggression pact is an alliance whose signatories pledge not to resort to military action against other pact signatories. An example of a non-aggression treaty is the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of 1939 between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany during World War II. Therefore, the correct option is A.

In an entente, the signatories merely agree to consult one another in the event of a security-military threat. An example of an entente is the British-French Entente Cordiale of 1904. No firm commitment exists between the partners. Entente agreements are relatively flexible associations, and they make sense only if they serve the common interests of the partners. Secrecy, ideological issues etc. are well delineated in alliance treaties but not in ententes. Therefore, the correct option is D.

Waltz suggests that states behave in such a way that results in forming a balance. This tendency, in fact, owes much to the security dilemma. For Waltz, security is the most essential goal for states; however, increasing the national power, paradoxically, may not achieve this goal. It is basically a zero-sum game, the gain of one country is the loss of another. The division of gains may favor certain countries even in winning coalitions and, therefore, pose security challenges for other countries. Therefore, the correct option is D.

Soon after the Second World War had ended, several disagreements emerged among the allied powers of the war, namely the United States of America, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union. Especially, they failed to reach an agreement on the post-war international order. The Soviet Union started to dominate Eastern Europe by imposing socialist ideology on the regional powers and expanded its sphere of influence. This was opposed, however, by the Western powers, including the US. As a result, the US decided to form an alliance to minimize the Soviet influence in Europe and get prepared for a possible attack by the socialist/communist states. Therefore, the correct option is E.

After the foundation of the alliance in 1949, new allies joined NATO. Greece and Turkey became full members in 1952, and West Germany followed suit in 1955. In reaction to West Germany’s becoming a NATO member, the Soviet Union and its East European allies formed the Warsaw Pact in 1955. Therefore, the correct option is B.

In 1989, with the end of the Cold War, we witnessed a paradigm shift in the theories of international relations. For example, Francis Fukuyama considered the end of the Cold War as the end of history and the end of ideologies, except liberalism. Therefore, the correct option is B.

NATO aims at guaranteeing the freedom and security of its members through political and military means. The rationale of NATO is to provide security for its members. Moreover, NATO works to promote democratic values and enables members to consult and cooperate on defense and security-related issues to solve problems, build trust and, in the long run, prevent conflict. NATO is committed to the peaceful resolution of disputes. If diplomatic efforts fail, it has the military power to undertake crisis-management operations. These are carried out under the collective defense clause of NATO’s founding treaty - Article 5 of the Washington Treaty or under a United-Nations mandate, alone or in cooperation with other countries and international organizations. Therefore, the correct option is C.

Each member country has a permanent delegation at NATO’s political headquarters in Brussels. Each delegation is headed by an “ambassador,” who represents his/her government in the Alliance’s consultation and decision-making process. Therefore, the correct option is A.

Features of 1 and 4 belong to traditionalist approach. Other features belong to critical approach.

There are three conceptions of human security, natural rights-rule of law conception, humanitarian conception and broader view conception. Humanitarian conception is based on state’s and international community’s responsibility to protect human beings from human rights violations such as genocide, crimes against humanity, and crimes against peace. The correct option is C.

The broader view was embraced in the 1994 Human Development Report under seven main domains: economic security, food security, health security, environmental security, personal security, community security, and political security. The correct option is D.

The evolution of human security can be analyzed in two separate periods, during the Cold War and in the post-Cold War era. The end of the Cold War changed the threat perception in international relations. The threat perception now encompasses non-military threats. Thus, the referent object of security is now not the state, but human beings. One can provide different reasons for this transformation; however, almost all scholars agree that since the end of Cold War, the state-centered threats lost their relative importance in the international system. The correct option is A.

The Non-Aligned Movement is an organization created by 29 Asian and African former colonial countries in Bandung/Indonesia in 1955. All these countries strived to follow an independent foreign policy from both NATO and the Warsaw Pact and supported the independence movements. They followed an agenda for economic development, disarmament, and economic inequality between countries. The correct option is C.

Security dilemma refers to the situation where one nation’s efforts to enhance its security creates security concerns for another nation with any prior intention. For example, in the Cold War era, developing nuclear weapons cause a security dilemma, which had almost resulted in a new world war in the early 1960s. This dilemma has been further manifested in the international arena with increasing military technologies, arms races, and deterrent national policies. In an attempt to solve this dilemma, nations resorted to such policies as arms control, disarmament, reduction or elimination of certain weapons as well as diplomatic efforts to reach a consensus on international security issues

Competition on resources brings with it some risks and threats such as terrorism, organized crime, migration, and refugee problem.

The Middle East, Latin America, the Arctic and the Pacific are critical geographical areas not only because they have almost four-fifths of fossil energy resources but also control the flow of energy, world trade routes, strategic straits, and maritime routes. Therefore, all the developments in these geographical areas affect the energy policies of nation states and energy markets in the world.