ULUSLARARASI GÜVENLİK - Deneme Sınavı - 13

Sustainability means that the requested energy can be supplied without any disruption as long as the energy is needed.

Option A is about G-6, C, D and E is about G-7.

OPEC is a permanent intergovernmental organization that was formed at the Baghdad Conference, held on September 10-14, 1960, by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela. Today, with 14 Member Countries.

The IEF “aims to foster greater mutual understanding and awareness of common energy interests among its members. The 72 member countries of the Forum are signatories to the IEF Charter, which outlines the framework of the global energy dialogue through this inter- governmental arrangement.

The Energy Community is an “international organization which brings together the European Union and its neighbors to create an integratedpan-European energy market. The key objective of the Energy Community is to extend the EU internal energy market rules and principles to countries in South East Europe, the Black Sea region and beyond on the basis of a legally binding framework. Specific goals of the Community include:

creating an integrated energy marketallowing for cross-border energy trade and integration with the EU market;

enhancing the security of supply to ensurestable and continuous energy supply that is essential for economic development and social stability;

improving the environmental situation inrelation with energy supply in the region and foster the use of renewable energy and energy efficiency” (Energy Community, 2017).

Solar Photovoltaic (PV) is a technology that converts sunlight (solar radiation) into direct current electricity by using semiconductors. When the sun hits the semiconductor within the PV cell, electrons are freed and form an electric current.

Imperialism has always been at the center of debates in International Relations since the late 19th century. Imperialism signifies an asymmetrical relationship between the materially advanced societies and relatively “backward” societies. Energy imperialism, as a concept in IR, is mostly used for the situations where the natural resources are used by a state as a leverage to attain its political and military objectives (Harshe, 2005, 2071).

The argument that environmental change was a security issue pointed out for the first time in 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development, which became popularly known as the Rio Earth Summit. The Earth Summit as the largest conference brought together more than a hundred state leaders and established the Commission on Sustainable Development, which provided the political basis for the concept of sustainable development. During the 1992 Rio Earth Summit conference, world leaders highlighted a number of environmental problems including biodiversity, the growing ozone hole, pollution, desertification, and climate change. The correct option is B.

Kyoto Protocol (1997): is the main international treaty on global warming, which entered into effect in 2005 and mandates cuts in carbon emissions in 2008–2012. Almost all the world’s major countries, except the United States, are participants. The correct option is C.

Emerging markets is one of the current economic issues. The correct option is B.

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs or MDG 8) are a long -and medium- term (to be achieved by 2015) development agenda approved by the UN General Assembly in December 2000. Their purpose was to inject renewed urgency into global development efforts by establishing challenging targets in each of the key human development areas.

The correct option is E.

The United Nations Development Program works in about 170 countries and territories, helping to achieve the eradication of poverty, and the reduction of inequalities and exclusion. The main three areas of UNDP are sustainable development, democratic governance and peace building and climate and disaster resilience.

Responsibility to Protect (R2P) is a norm based on states responsibility to protect their own citizens and the international community’s obligation to protect humans from serious violations such as genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity.

Type of Security

Examples of Main Threats

Economic security

Persistent poverty, unemployment

Food security

Hunger, famine

Health security

Deadly infectious diseases, unsafe food, malnutrition, lack of access to basic health care

Environmental security

Environmental degradation, resource depletion, natural disasters, pollution

Personal security

Physical violence, crime, terrorism, domestic violence, child labor

Community security

Inter-ethnic, religious and other identity based tensions

Political security

Political repression, human rights abuses

The Cold War was the rivalry between the United States of America and the Soviet Union as well as between their respective allies from the end of the Second World War to 1989. This rivalry was based on the ideological difference between the two superpowers. It never escalated into an actual conflict; it was rather based on the use of political, economic, bureaucratic, and propaganda tools despite the existence of proxy wars such as the Korean War (1950-1953), the Vietnam War (1955-1975), and the Soviet- Afghan War (1979-1989). The Cold War came to an end with the collapse of Communist bloc in 1989 and the dissolution of the USSR in 1991(Dağ, 2005, 93).

Security Dilemma is a situation in which actions taken by a state to increase its own security cause reactions from other states, which in turn lead to a decrease rather than an increase in the original state’s security.

While negative peace is related to the traditional security approach that is based on the absence of war between two states, positive peace refers to the establishment of a socially just system by taking into consideration all dimensions of human security.

After the publication of this report, the UN requested a final report for human security fromthe Commission on Human Security. The Commission specified the priorities of human security as follows (Human Security Now, 2003:133):

• Supporting the human security of people on the move;
• Establishing human security transition funds for post-conflict situations;
• Encouraging fair trade and markets to benefit the extreme poor;

• Providing minimum living standards everywhere;
• According high priority to universal access to basic health care;
• Developing an efficient and equitable global system for patent rights;
• Empowering all people with universal basic education, through much stronger global and national efforts;
• Clarifying the need for a global human identity while respecting the freedom of individuals to have diverse identities and affiliations.”

Apart from C, other options are possible threats to human security.

The overuse and depletion of shared resources by one or more groups in a bio-region, affecting others who also depend on the resources (often exacerbated by class, ethnic, national, or other divisions)