ULUSLARARASI GÜVENLİK - Deneme Sınavı - 4

The following two missions were the peace enforcement missions where the UN troops had to physically fight: 1) The UN Operation in Congo (UNOC): started on July 14, 1960 with the Security Council Resolution 143 and continued until June 1964; 2) The UN Operation in Somali (UNOSOM II): started on March 26, 1993 with the Security Council Resolution 814 and continued until March 1995 under the leadership of the USA.

the Security Council, through its Resolution 1373, adopted some measures to combat the financing of terrorism and established the Counter-Terrorism Committee in an attempt to coordinate the member states’ activities against terrorism (UN Security Council, 2001b).

The P5 states are the permanent members of the UN Security Council which are namely the United States, Russia, China, France, and the United Kingdom. The answer is A.

The Covenant of the League of Nations defined a collective-security system. Article 10 of the Covenant states as follows: “The Members of the League undertake to respect and preserve as against external aggression the territorial integrity and existing political independence of all Members of the League. In case of any such aggression or in case of any threat or danger of such aggression the Council shall advise upon the means by which this obligation shall be fulfilled.” According to this system, which can be considered as a system of “one for all, all for one,” when one member of the League is attacked, all the other members would automatically come to the help of this victimized member. The answer is C.

In principle, the UN Charter has outlawed initiating a war of aggression. In other words, it is against the UN-Charter principles for any state to wage an aggressive war. However, the UN does not outlaw the use of defensive force. We cannot too much stress the importance of this rule of the UN Charter; that is, the use of defensive force or waging a defensive war has not been outlawed by the UN. Therefore, it is one of the critical questions of international law today that under which circumstances the use of force by states can be considered as defensive rather than offensive. The answer is B.

Article 2/4 of the UN Charter is the main rule that regulates the use of force in international relations. Accordingly, “All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations.” This rule, then, bans a member state from using force and from threatening other states to use force in such a manner that it would be: a) against the territorial integrity of member states; b) against the political independence of member states; and c) inconsistent with the aims of the UN Charter. The answer is A.

Chapter VII of the UN Charter gives the authorization to the Security Council to take precautions of the implementation of necessary sanctions and coercive measures, including the use of force The answer is D.

Chapter VI of the UN Charter is related to the Security Council’s authority with regard to pacific settlement of disputes, whereas Chapter VII is about the coercive measures, including the use of force in case of an attack against a member state. Nevertheless, there is no legal arrangement for “peacekeeping” in the UN Charter. In fact, the concept of, and the mission of, peacekeeping is something invented by the then UN SecretaryGeneral Dag Hammarskjöld, because the Security Council had become paralyzed and perplexed due to the Cold War and especially to the conflictual relations between the two superpowers that made it impossible for the UN to implement the clauses of Chapter VII. The answer is C.

Upon the Suez crisis, the General Assembly decided to initiate a peacekeeping mission, the UN Emergency Force (UNEF-I), in November
1956. The answer is A.

Recently the missions in Somali, Sierra Leone, Timor-Leste, Bosnia, Afghanistan, Darfur, and Lebanon have been cited as examples of humanitarian intervention. However, a typical example is the intervention by NATO forces in the Kosovo crisis in 1999 and the bombing of Serbia without the blessing of the UN Security Council. The answer is E.

The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM): NAM is an international organization with 120 member states. During the Cold War, a majority of developing countries in Asia and Africa came together to follow a route outside of the one already laid by the USA and the USSR. The Bandung Conference held in 1995(the AsianAfrican Conference) is a fundamental concept for this group. Objectives of the Non-Aligned Movement are: creating an independent way in world politics which is separate from the USA and the USSR, refusing to join a military
agreement with the great powers and to participate in a military alliance (www.nti.org). The answer is B.

Besides the Security Council’s initiatives, the General Assembly adopted the Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy in 2006 and prepared a comprehensive “Plan of Action.” Through the adoption of the Global CounterTerrorism Strategy, all UN members have agreed to “a common strategic and operational approach to fight terrorism, not only sending a clear message that terrorism is unacceptable in all its forms and manifestation but also resolving to take practical steps individually and collectively to prevent and combat it”. The answer is D.

The correct choice is C.

State level is NOT one the conditions in Dennis Sandole's Three Pillar Model.

The correct choice is D.

The best example of effective conflict resolution plus conflict transformation (peacebuilding) is the European Union.

The correct choice is B.

Preventive diplomacy: Violent conflict prevention takes necessary steps based on early warning systems and aims to prevent a house catching fire with proactive measures.

The correct choice is E.

Irregular warfare is a violent struggle among states and non-state actors for legitimacy and influence over the relevant populations.

The correct choice is E.

The nation-state is the referent object of security.

The correct choice is D.

Peace Research is classified under traditional approach.

The correct choice is A.

The correct choice is C.