ULUSLARARASI GÜVENLİK - Deneme Sınavı - 3

Besides, although the P5 states (the permanent members of the UN Security Council), namely the United States, Russia, China, France, and the United Kingdom, are in possession of nuclear weapons, there is already consensus reached by the international society on the non-proliferation of such weapons. In fact, not only that the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) came into force in 1970 but also that on 11 May 1995 the states parties to the treaty have extended the NPT indefinitely. Therefore, the correct option is A.

The correct choice is B.

The geographical boundaries of the nation-state became less important.

The correct choice is B.

The UN Charter, different from the League Covenant, establishes a strong Security Council, where the Permanent 5 members (namely the US, China, the United Kingdom, France, and Russia) have had the veto power and acted somehow as arbitrators in the system. Besides the right of self-defense defined by the Charter, generally these veto states (the P5) decide when (and under which circumstances) the use of force in the system may be considered as legitimate as well as when the very UN members can resort to military force. Therefore, the correct option is C.

Article 2/4 of the UN Charter is the main rule that regulates the use of force in international relations. Accordingly, “All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations.” This rule, then, bans a member state from using force and from threatening other states to use force in such a manner that it would be: a) against the territorial integrity of member states; b) against the political independence of member states; and c) inconsistent with the aims of the UN Charter. Therefore, the correct option is B.

Article 2/7 has been one of the most controversial articles of the UN Charter. It is the embodiment of power struggle among the member states on those issues that are stipulated in Article 2/4, Article 51, and Chapter VII of the Charter. According to Article 2/7, “Nothing contained in the present Charter shall authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state or shall require the Members to submit such matters to settlement under the present Charter; but this principle shall not prejudice the application of enforcement measures under Chapter VII.”

The legal key term in the wording of Article 2/7 is the domestic jurisdiction of states. This is so because which actions and issues fall under the legal and political domain of state and when the state can exclusively take decisions on these actions and issues have always been controversial. Therefore, many decisions that states take on issues related to use of force, self-defense, aggression, and political independence face opposition at international platforms.

Therefore, the correct option is E.

The right of self-defense is enshrined in Article 51 of the UN Charter. Article 51 provides that “nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self-defense if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the United Nations, until the Security Council has taken measures necessary to maintain international peace and security. Therefore, the correct option is A.

Based on these two articles, the General Assembly lists several specific acts in Article III of the Resolution and decides that any of these acts “shall, subject to and in accordance with the provisions of article 2, qualify as an act of aggression.” These acts include (UN General Assembly, 1974):

• “The invasion or attack by the armed forces of a State of the territory of another State, or any military occupation, however temporary, resulting from such invasion or attack, or any annexation by the use of force of the territory of another State or part thereof,
• Bombardment by the armed forces of a State against the territory of another State or the use of any weapons by a State against the territory of another State;
• The blockade of the ports or coasts of a State by the armed forces of another State;
• An attack by the armed forces of a State on the land, sea or air forces, or marine and air fleets of another State;
• The use of armed forces of one State which are within the territory of another State with the agreement of the receiving State, in contravention of the conditions provided for in the agreement or any extension of their presence in such territory beyond the termination of the agreement;
• The action of a State in allowing its territory, which it has placed at the disposal of another State, to be used by that other State for perpetrating an act of aggression against a third State;
• The sending by or on behalf of a State of armed bands, groups, irregulars or mercenaries, which carry out acts of armed force against another State of such gravity as to amount to the acts listed above, or its substantial involvement therein.”•

Therefore, the correct option is C.

Chapter VI of the UN Charter is related to the Security Council’s authority with regard to pacific settlement of disputes, whereas Chapter VII is about the coercive measures, including the use of force in case of an attack against a member state. Nevertheless, there is no legal arrangement for “peacekeeping” in the UN Charter. In fact, the concept of, and the mission of, peacekeeping is something invented by the then UN SecretaryGeneral Dag Hammarskjöld, because the Security Council had become paralyzed and perplexed due to the Cold War and especially to the conflictual relations between the two superpowers that made it impossible for the UN to implement the clauses of Chapter VII. Therefore, the correct option is A.

From 1948 onwards the UN has established seventy-one peacekeeping missions in various geographies to address many different problems (UN, 2018a). Out of these seventy-one missions, the following fourteen peacekeeping missions are still underway:
• United Nations Mission for Justice Support in Haiti (MINUJUSTH)
• United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO)
• United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic (MINUSCA)
• United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA)
• United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO)
• African Union - United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID)
• United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF)
• United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP)
• United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL)
• United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA)
• United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK)
• United Nations Mission in the Republic of South Sudan (UNMISS)
• United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNGOMIP)
• United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO). 

Therefore, the correct option is C.

Another issue that has become prominent especially with the attacks on the Twin Towers and the Pentagon building in the US on September 11, 2001 and that has provided the target states with the legitimacy for resorting to force beyond the UN Charter paradigm is the fight against international terrorism. Therefore, the correct option is A.

Humanitarian intervention is an action undertaken by an organization, international entity usually by a single state or a coalition of states. The correct answer is B

There are a number of debates going on about theoretical and practical aspects of the legitimacy of humanitarian intervention and its consequences. The correct answer is D

Chapter VII examines the situations which yield threats to the peace, breaches of the peace, and acts of aggression. The correct answer is E

The sovereignty of a state is embodied by Westphalia Agreement. The correct answer is B

Negative sovereignty refers to the legal right to demand that other states refrain from interfering in the state’s internal affairs, it does not refer to the illegal right. The correct answer is C

Humanitarian intervention must lack the consent of the government of the target state, ıt does not must the consent of the government of the target state. The correct answer is A.

The peacekeeping, as a more used term in practical field and literature, comprises the basic principles which are impartiality; consent of the parties; non-use of force except in self-defense and defense of the mandate. The correct answer is B.

The last element of peace operations is called peacebuilding which was coined by Boutros Ghali in his “An Agenda for Peace” report released in 1992. The correct answer is C

The EU has been taking a role in peacekeeping activities and conflict prevention in accordance with the Common Defense and Security Policy (CDSP) to help strengthen international security. The correct answer is D.