ULUSLARARASI GÜVENLİK - Deneme Sınavı - 12

If there is breach of universally recognized civil rights in a sovereign state over its citizens, then, that state could face the consequences of humanitarian intervention.

Chapter VII examines the situations which yield threats to the peace, breaches of the peace, and acts of aggression. Article 41 in Chapter VII outlines the measures of the interruption of economic relations and of rail, sea, air, postal, telegraphic, radio, and other means of communication, and the severance of diplomatic relations with these states threatening the security.

The sovereignty of a state is embodied by Westphalia Agreement, and it is reiterated and strengthened by Articles 2.1, 2.7, and 51 of the UN Charter.

The theory of national self-determination is “peoples” have a right to determine the shape of their association, including the political association.

Although there are minor differences in definitions, some common points could be derived from these conceptualization efforts on humanitarian intervention: 1.It comprises use of military force; 2.Humanitarian intervention must lack the consent of the government of the target state; 3.It takes place where there is actual or impending grievous suffering or loss of life; 4.External agent should carry out humanitarian intervention; 5.The Security Council authorization is required..

The rising role of regional organizations in peace operations could be attributed to several factors. First, they are very eager to take parts in this kind of operations to pursue their own interests. Secondly, their intervention is required because of suffering from high intensity of violence by varied actors and contagious transnational effects. Third, it is a response of the UN with a variety of related (sub) organizations by acknowledging local differences. Fourth, powerful donors have been needed in order to pursue peace operations effectively

The characteristics of armed conflicts have changed. Being called as the 4th generation of warfare, it has such distinctive features as follows: actors are generally non- state but state sponsored armed organizations and terrorist groups; socio-cultural structures have generally been on the target; the exploitation of high technological media assets is widespread; psychological operations have been wielded alongside armed attacks; the violence is protracted and committed by nontraditional means.

The League of Nations was founded in 1920 as a result of the Paris Peace Conference ending the First Great War. It was the first international organization established by the goal of achieving international peace. As stated in its agreement act, the organization aimed to resolve the disputes through negotiation and arbitration.

The traditionalist security approaches have the following features: First, they have mostly emphasized the military aspects of security as well as the concepts such as war, defense, strategy, and geopolitics. They have focused on the problem of national security and the nation-state. Second, the traditionalist security approaches mostly choose a narrow or mono-sectoral agenda and attach priority to one sector (military), one actor (the state), and one action (the use of force). Finally, the traditionalist security approaches have a statist perspective, which is based on a scientific and objectivist understanding of knowledge. Therefore, the correct option is C.

The critical security approaches, on the other hand, aim to widen the concept of security through the issue linkage and bringing into discussion new types of threats, actors, and referent objects. The critical security approaches hold that threats and referent objects are socially-constructed. The critical ISS has developed over the past two decades with new debates on broadening and deepening the scope of security and its referent objects. It adopts diverse sets of theories and some form of post-positivist approach of security that shifts the ontological foundations of understanding of security towards on an emphasis on processes of construction, ideas, and identities. Critical approaches claim the logic of appropriateness in relation to norms and expectations, the logic of exceptionalism in securitization theory, the logic of practicality, the dynamics of discourse, or the potential paths towards security as emancipation. Therefore, the correct option is A.

Private security has unforeseen impacts on international security. First, they present challenges in the structures of authority, legitimacy, international law, and global governance. Secondly, they erode the power of the state and threaten state authority inside and contemporary structures of governance. Therefore, the correct option is D.

Private security has unforeseen impacts on international security. First, they present challenges in the structures of authority, legitimacy, international law, and global governance. Secondly, they erode the power of the state and threaten state authority inside and contemporary structures of governance. Thirdly, they lead to the emergence of “global security assemblages: public and private as well as local and global new security structures. Lastly, the geographical boundaries of the nation-state became less important. Private security practices in different parts of the world produce complex relations and different tensions on private-public and global-local relations Therefore, the correct option is C.

Buzan distinguished five models of security due to newly emerging diversity of perceived threats:

1. Military security concerns itself with the two-level interplay of the armed offensive and defensive capabilities of states and state’s perceptions of each other’s intentions,

2. Political security focuses on the organizational stability of states, systems of government, and ideologies that give them legitimacy,

3. Economic security emphasizes on prioritazing access to resources, finance, and markets necessary to sustain acceptable levels of welfare and state power,

4. Societal security concerns itself with the ability of societies to reproduce their traditional patterns of language, culture, association, religious and national identities and customs within acceptable conditions for evolution,

5. Environmental security deals with the maintenance of local and planetary biosphere as well as space in order to ensure continued existence of all human beings.

Therefore, the correct option is E.

Irregular warfare is a violent struggle among states and non-state actors for legitimacy and influence over the relevant populations. Therefore, the correct option is B.

Information warfare is a type of battle for the control of the digital space involving the whole society. The basic strategies of Information Warfare are to deny access to information, disrupt/ destroy information, steal data and manipulate data to change its context or its perception Therefore, the correct option is A.

Hybrid warfare combines both conventional (state-tostate) and irregular warfare (terrorism, insurgency, and counterterrorism). Therefore, the correct option is C.

The nuclear weapons states are the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)-designated nuclear weapon states (China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, and United States) and other states with nuclear weapons (India, North Korea, and Pakistan). Therefore, the correct option is E.

It is possible to explain, analyze and understand the international security in six levels:

• Individual level: Security for the individual.

• Societal level: Security for the social group, i.e. ethnic, national, religious, linguistic, or community groups.

• National level: Security for the state or nation.

• Regional level: Security for the region, that is, a coherent security region.

• International level: Security for the international society, the society of nations, and most states in the world.

• Global level: Security for the planet Earth and space. 

Therefore, the correct option is C.

The legal key term in the wording of Article 2/7 is the domestic jurisdiction of states. This is so because which actions and issues fall under the legal and political domain of state and when the state can exclusively take decisions on these actions and issues have always been controversial. Therefore, many decisions that states take on issues related to use of force, self-defense, aggression, and political independence face opposition at international platforms. Therefore, the correct option is A.

The right of self-defense is enshrined in Article 51 of the UN Charter. Article 51 provides that “nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self-defense if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the United Nations, until the Security Council has taken measures necessary to maintain international peace and security. Measures taken by Members in the exercise of this right of self-defense shall be immediately reported to the Security Council and shall not in any way affect the authority and responsibility of the Security Council under the present Charter to take at any time such action as it deems necessary in order to maintain or restore international peace and security.” Therefore, the correct option is C.