ULUSLARARASI GÜVENLİK - Deneme Sınavı - 11

Based on these two articles, the General Assembly lists several specific acts in Article III of the Resolution and decides that any of these acts “shall, subject to and in accordance with the provisions of article 2, qualify as an act of aggression.” These acts include (UN General Assembly, 1974):

• “The invasion or attack by the armed forces of a State of the territory of another State, or any military occupation, however temporary, resulting from such invasion or attack, or any annexation by the use of force of the territory of another State or part thereof,

• Bombardment by the armed forces of a State against the territory of another State or the use of any weapons by a State against the territory of another State;

• The blockade of the ports or coasts of a State by the armed forces of another State;

• An attack by the armed forces of a State on the land, sea or air forces, or marine and air fleets of another State;

• The use of armed forces of one State which are within the territory of another State with the agreement of the receiving State, in contravention of the conditions provided for in the agreement or any extension of their presence in such territory beyond the termination of the agreement;

• The action of a State in allowing its territory, which it has placed at the disposal of another State, to be used by that other State for perpetrating an act of aggression against a third State;

• The sending by or on behalf of a State of armed bands, groups, irregulars or mercenaries, which carry out acts of armed force against another State of such gravity as to amount to the acts listed above, or its substantial involvement therein.”

• “The invasion or attack by the armed forces of a State of the territory of another State, or any military occupation, however temporary, resulting from such invasion or attack, or any annexation by the use of force of the territory of another State or part thereof,

• Bombardment by the armed forces of a State against the territory of another State or the use of any weapons by a State against the territory of another State;

• The blockade of the ports or coasts of a State by the armed forces of another State;

• An attack by the armed forces of a State on the land, sea or air forces, or marine and air fleets of another State;

• The use of armed forces of one State which are within the territory of another State with the agreement of the receiving State, in contravention of the conditions provided for in the agreement or any extension of their presence in such territory beyond the termination of the agreement;

• The action of a State in allowing its territory, which it has placed at the disposal of another State, to be used by that other State for perpetrating an act of aggression against a third State;

• The sending by or on behalf of a State of armed bands, groups, irregulars or mercenaries, which carry out acts of armed force against another State of such gravity as to amount to the acts listed above, or its substantial involvement therein.”

Therefore, the correct option is B.

the critical legal question here is, whether a state when it has reasonable doubt and adequate information that another state’s attack against itself is imminent can first act and use its right of self-defense. In other words, if the threat of an attack in imminent, does this justify the state to use force preemptively? This issue, which in the literature of International Relations is known as “preemptive strike” or “preventive strike,” is still controversial (Bellier, 2006); however, the actual law (with the exception of recent grave situations such as terrorism) is in conformity with the approach that the UN Charter should be interpreted rather narrowly. Therefore, the correct option is B.

Chapter VI of the UN Charter empowers the Security Council on the issue of “peaceful resolution of disputes” among states and defines various political and judicial solutions. Whereas these measures would be inadequate, Chapter VII of the UN Charter gives the authorization to the Security Council to take precautions of the implementation of necessary sanctions and coercive measures, including the use of force. Therefore, the correct option is D.

From 1948 onwards the UN has established seventy-one peacekeeping missions in various geographies to address many different problems. Therefore, the correct option is C.

There are on some philosophical and political underpinnings or reasons such as humanitarian intervention, protecting state citizens, and terrorism that would help legitimize the instances of use of force in international relations. These reasons for resorting to force may be classified as “beyond the UN Charter paradigm” because the UN Charter does not cover or directly address them. Therefore, the correct option is D.

Another issue that has become prominent especially with the attacks on the Twin Towers and the Pentagon building in the US on September 11, 2001 and that has provided the target states with the legitimacy for resorting to force beyond the UN Charter paradigm is the fight against international terrorism. Therefore, the correct option is A.

the Security Council, through its Resolution 1373, adopted some measures to combat the financing of terrorism and established the Counter-Terrorism Committee in an attempt to coordinate the member states’ activities against terrorism. Therefore, the correct option is E.

The Council condemned all international terrorist actions carried out after 2001, including the attacks in Istanbul in 2003. Moreover, the Council passed Resolution 1386 that authorized the establishment of an international force toward preventing further terror acts in Afghanistan. More specifically, through this resolution the Council established the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) that would assist “the Afghan Interim Authority in the maintenance of security in Kabul and its surrounding areas, so that the Afghan Interim Authority as well as the personnel of the United Nations can operate in a secure environment.” Therefore, the correct option is A.

Peace Research belongs to traditionalist approach. Others belong to Critical approach.

Asymmetrical warfare is defined as threats outside the range of conventional warfare
and attacks that are difficult to respond to in kind such as suicide bombings.

The Amphictyonic League was established by the Greek-city states in order to maintain internal security by the commitment of the collective group of small city-states.

Philosophical roots of collective security are realism, neo-realism and neoliberal
institutionalism.

Preventive deployment is a new concept for the UN. It was first advocated by the Secretary-General in Agenda for Peace and was applied for the first time in Macedonia. The essence of this strategy is a preventive military action rather than a diplomatic response. It involves the positioning of troops, military observers and related personnel on one or both sides of a border between entities that are in dispute (or where there is an emerging threat of conflict).

Cultural violence is the use of nationalism, racism, sexism, Islamophobia, xenophobia, and other forms of discrimination in the media, the arts, education, literature, films, street names, monuments, celebrating special national days and heroes, etc. to intellectually justify direct and structural violence.

A disagreement between Britain and Spain over the sovereignty of Gibraltar is an
international dispute rather than an international conflict.

Community security includes inter-ethnic, religious, and
other identity-based tensions.

Biosecurity is a general term to put necessary measures to prevent unwanted biological invasions that may include human, plants, animals, viruses, and so on.

The Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) came into force in 1970. The correct answer is A.

In principle, the UN Charter has outlawed initiating a war of aggression. The correct answer is B.

Realism defines international relations in terms of power.