ULUSLARARASI GÜVENLİK - Deneme Sınavı - 10

Structural realism emphasizes four core elements of international politics:

• States are seen as rational actors and by far the most important actors in the international system.

• The international system is anarchic; there is no international authority that can prevent the use of force between states.

• Each state cannot take its security for granted and thus, is responsible for ensuring its own survival, most notably through the nurturing of material capabilities.

• The balance of power (the formation of alliances with certain states to counter the threat of other states) is the defining mechanism that regulates the international system and explains war and peace.

Self-help refers to a state’s reliance on its own capacities and resources, rather than external support, to ensure security and survival.

In ancient Greece, Thucydides wrote on the Peloponnesian War (431–404 B.C.), focusing on relative power among the Greek city-states. Power is regarded as a zero-sum game. According to the zero-sum game, “the actors in the international system must deprive one another of their power in order to add it to their own” (Molloy, 2006). This is not one of the six principles.

Offensive realism is a form of structural realism that portrays states as ‘power maximizers’, as there is no limit to their desire to control the international environment.

British scholar Susan Strange (1996) offers Structural Power Thoeory and defines it as “the power to decide how things shall be done, the power to shape frameworks within which states relate to one another, relate to people or relate to corporate enterprises”. She distinguishes between four primary power structures: • The knowledge structure, which influences actor’s beliefs, ideas or perceptions; • The financial structure, which controls access to credit or investment; • The security structure, which shapes defence and strategic issues; • The production structure, which affects economic development and prosperity

Bandwagon is to side with a stronger power in the hope of increasing security and influence; ‘jumping on the bandwagon’.

Liberalism has three different forms:

• Republican Liberalism

• Interdependence Liberalism

• Liberal Institutionalism

Having emerged in the 1980s, democratic peace theory is based on an assumption that there is an intrinsic link between peace and democracy; in particular, that democratic states do not go to war with one another.

Hard power is the ability of one actor (usually but not necessarily a state) to influence another through the use of threats or rewards, typically involving military ‘sticks’ or economic ‘carrots’.

The right of self-defense is enshrined in Article 51 of the UN Charter.

Article 2/4 of the UN Charter is the main rule that regulates the use of force in international relations. The correct answer is D.

Humanitarian intervention is an action undertaken by an organization/international entity usually by a single state and/or a coalition of states.

Sovereignty means a central governing authority within a specified geographical territory, combined with the recognition of its status by other states conferring on the state sovereignty.

uments among definitions, some common points could be derived from these conceptualization efforts on humanitarian intervention (Weiss, 2002; Pattison, 2010: 25-27; Shimko, 2010):

1.It comprises use of force, particularly mili- tary elements.

2.Humanitarian intervention must lack the consent of the government of the target state.

3.It takes place where there is actual or im- pending grievous suffering or loss of life.

4. External agent should carry out humani- tarian intervention.

5. Humanitarian intervention must have a humanitarian intention.

6. The Security Council authorization is required.

Peace-building activities are the efforts undertaken at the end of conflict to halt overt violence, lessen its counter effects and prevent the recurrence of disturbances.

The League of Nations was founded in 1920 as a result of the Paris Peace Conference ending the First Great War.

The UN period, that is the 3rd phase of peace operations, could be elaborated through four generations such as traditional peacekeeping, civilian tasks, peace enforcement, and peace-building.

European Union (EU), Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), African Union (AU), Organization of American States, Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the Organization of AmericanStates(OAS),NATO and the World Bank are among the main contributors of peace operations.

NATO expanded its operational field by Afghanistan in 2003 as well. It took over the operational responsibility of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) mission, called as Resolute Support (RS) in January 1st 2015.

The EU also constituted European Gendarmerie Force (EUROGENDFOR) in 2004 as a Multinational Law Enforcement Force to participate in the stabilization of crisis and conflict areas outside the EU. It currently operates in five countries such as Bosnia and Herzegovina, Haiti, Mali, Afghanistan, and Central African Republic (European Gendarmerie Force, 2018).