ULUSLARARASI GÜVENLİK - Deneme Sınavı - 1

The UN enumerates peace operations as conflict prevention, peacemaking, peacekeeping, peace enforcement, and peace-building. The first one is an activity taking place before the conflict while the other four are carried out after the eruption of armed fighting. The correct answer is A.

Intervention is an act of involvement, whether intentionally or not, in a difficult conflict situation to improve or prevent something getting worse. Intervention requires a comprehensive program with its new types of economics, commerce, military and politics fields. Conflict prevention, on the other hand, comprises the employment of structural or diplomatic measures to prevent disputes from escalating into violent conflict. The correct answer is C.

There are three differing kinds of peace operations: traditional peace keeping (Cold War), humanitarian military intervention (1990s), and new generation peace operations (2000s). The correct answer is E.

During the 1990s, intervention took places in “no-fly zones” in Iraq, Somalia, Bosnia, Sierra Leone, East Timor and Kosovo. As there were no obvious economic and/or political interests at stake, none of the Western country intervened in the 1994 genocide in Rwanda. Rwanda case was a demonstration of Western hypocrisy on a real abuse of human rights and humanitarian crises. The correct answer is B.

The approaches on resolution of disputes or conflict rely on two consecutive Chapters of UN Charter. One of them, Chapter VI, suggests pacifist settlements of disputes involving negotiation, enquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement, resort to regional agencies or arrangements, or other peaceful means of their own choice. The correct answer is D.

Sovereignty means a central governing authority within a specified geographical territory, combined with the recognition of its status by other states conferring on the state sovereignty. The correct answer is C.

One of the most cited definition of humanitarian intervention, Adam Roberts (1993, p.429) points out that humanitarian intervention is “coercive action by one or more states involving the use of armed force in another state without the consent of its authorities, and with the purpose of preventing widespread suffering or death among the inhabitants”. The correct answer is B.

Although there are minor differences in arguments among definitions, some common points could be derived from these conceptualization efforts on humanitarian intervention:

The correct answer is A.

Peace enforcement comprises the application of a range of coercive measures with the authorization of the UN Security Council. Peace enforcement activities include carrying out international sanctions against the opposing sides; isolating the conflict zones and preventing penetration of armed groups into these areas; delivering air or missile strikes against the groups refusing the agreement; disarming and eradicating armed formations which refuse to end armed fighting. The correct answer is E.

There are also political missions engaged in conflict prevention, peacemaking and post-conflict peace building managed by the Department of Political Affairs (DPA). It monitors and assesses global political developments to detect potential crises and develop effective responses. The correct answer is D.