THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF SYNTACTIC CATEGORIES: CONSTITUENTS
If you figure "en akıllı çocuk" in a tree diagram, which ones are the terminal nodes?
Nodes (C)-en, (D)-akıllı, and (E)-çocuk are terminal nodes because there are no other branches that derive from these nodes.
Why are the words in the terminal nodes are the ultimate constituents?
The words in the terminal nodes are the ultimate constituents because they cannot be divided into any further constituents.
Why can't we figure a tree which has a flat structure and has three branches deriving from the same mother node for "en akıllı çocuk"?
Since flat structure trees fail to represent facts about syntactic categories and constituent structure, we use binary branching trees.
What is a binary-branching tree?
A binary-branching tree is a tree diagram in which there are two branches at every level of representation.
How can you show the constituent structure of "en akıllı çocuk soruyu cevaplar" using square brackets?
[H en] [I akıllı] [E çocuk] [F soruyu] [G cevaplar]
How can you show higher constituents of "en akıllı çocuk soruyu cevaplar" using square brackets?
[[ A[ B[en] akıllı] çocuk]] [C [soruyu] cevaplar]]]
What is the central word in a constituent?
Head is the central word in a constituent.
What is the function of Modifiers?
Modifiers modify the head, they express some quality or aspect of the head.
"Modifiers are also known as ..........." what is the word that fills the blank correctly?
Modifiers are also known as adjuncts.
What is a Complement-Head?
Complement-Head The second relationship between the sister constituents is that of complement-head relationship. While modifiers are optional, complements are obligatory. In a way, the head governs a complement, and the complement completes the head.
What are the differences between modifiers and complements?
The differences between modifiers and complements are the following: • Syntactically, a modifier (adjunct) is an optional element, while a complement is an obligatory element. That means that a modifier can be omitted, but a complement cannot. • Semantically, a modifier modifies the meaning of its head, while a complement completes the meaning of its head. • There can be more than one modifier but there is usually only one complement.
What are the tests for constituency?
Substitution Test, Deletion Test and Moveability.
"Only ............ can be substituted by other words or constituents" What is the word which fills in the blank correctly?
Only constituents can be substituted by other words or constituents.
"Can kırmızı kravatını taktı" what question words can replace each constituent of the sentence?
Can kırmızı kravatını taktı - Ne oldu
Can - Kim
Kırmızı kravatını taktı - Ne yaptı
Kırmızı kravatını - Neyi
Taktı - Ne yaptı
Kırmızı - Hangi
Kravatını - Nesini
"Only ............... can be deleted in a sentence" how can you fill in the blank correctly?
Only full constituents can be deleted in a sentence
"We can move only the .....................; we cannot separate its parts" how can you fill in the blank correctly?
We can move only the whole constituent; we cannot separate its parts
"Transitive verbs require ............ to become complete constituents" how can you fill in the blank correctly?
Transitive verbs require objects to become complete constituents
What part of speech can be used as modifiers?
Modifiers are adjectives, adverbs, relative clauses, and adverbials.
What are the relationships between the members of a constituent?
• Modifier-Head
• Complement-Head
What is bracketing?
Radford (1997: 254) states that “Bracketing is a technique [used] for representing the categorical status of expressions, whereby the expression is enclosed in square brackets, and the left -hand bracket is labeled with the appropriate category symbol.