TÜRKÇE SES VE BİÇİM BİLGİSİ

Words having new meanings can be formed by adding derivational affixes to the stem is called derivation.

Reduplication involves copying some part of the underlying stem to various extent.

Endocentric compounds are fairly transparent in these compounds. That is, the meaning of the whole derive from the sum of its parts.

Exocentric compounds are opaque in their meaning. Both components may lose their individual meanings when combined into a single lexical item.

Sounds of the nature inspire creation of new words in all languages called onomatopoeic words.

Sometimes speakers of a language create previously non-existent roots in language. This is called coinage.

A distinction should be made between acronyms and abbreviations. The latter is not spelled out as it is shortened; whereas the former is. For example, Sn is an abbreviation and it is always pronounced in its long form as Say›n, but never as *s(e) n(e).

Normally, we would assume that the direction of derivation is from simple to more complex as has been the case so far: ilet- > iletifl- > iletiflim. But in fact it is backwards: iletiflim > iletifl-; therefore, the process is called backformation.

It is possible to form a new word by using two word formation processes: compounding and clipping. The outcome is a blend.

A special type of borrowing is called loan-translation, or calque. This word formation process allows word-for word translations of new words into another language (screen saver - ekran koruyucu).

calque

coinage

Eponymy

compounding

gerzek

Reduplication + onomatopoeic

AÖF

onomatopoeic + derivation

Metaphorical extension

conversion