TÜRKÇE SES VE BİÇİM BİLGİSİ

In 'A' and 'B', the combination of the sounds is such that it is permissible in Turkish. 'C' and 'E' do not seem like Turkish words at first glance because of the word-final ‘-nk’ and 'nç' combinations, but that is a permissible Phonological Processes in Turkish combination word-finally in Turkish as in the words such as ‘renk’, ‘denk’, ‘künk’, or 'gülünç'. However, the word in 'D' has three consonants together without an intervening vowel (called consonant cluster) in word-initial position which Turkish does not allow. 'D' is the correct option.

According to 'Final Devoicing Rule', 'B', 'C', 'D' and 'E' cannot be acceptable in Turkish because Turkish does not allow voiced stops (b,d,g) and affricate (dZ) to occur in word-final position. 'A' is the correct option.

Some of the languages which utilize final devoicing rule are German, Russian, Polish, and Catalan. 'E' is the correct option.

In Turkish grammar books, final devoicing rule is stipulated as voiceless stops and affricate becoming voiced when a suffix beginning with a vowel is attached. When such a rule is applied to, for example, kitap → kitab-ı, /p/ becomes /b/ because the accusative suffix –i is attached. However, this rule does not account for words in which voiceless stops do not become voiced when vowel initial suffix is attached. The word 'sanat' is an example for these. 'D' is the correct option.

In phonology, a distinction between underlying representation (UR) and surface realization (SR) is made to explain the use of final devoicing rule. Underlying representation means that a word may have a different form than its actual realization (i.e., how the word is said). Surface realization, on the other hand, refers to how it is actually said. Final devoicing rule applies to 'C' only because there is a difference between UR and SR in that word, so 'C' is the correct option.

Place of articulation assimilation means that the place of articulation of one sound becomes like the neighboring sound, in other words, /n/ is pronounced like /m/, as in 'A', 'C', 'D' and 'E'. In the word ‘sandık’, /n/ is followed by an alveolar stop. As both /n/ and /d/ are alveolar sounds, there is no change in the realization of /n/, it remains as an alveolar nasal. 'B' is the correct option.

When /n/ is followed by a velar stop /k/ or /g/, /n/ is realized as /ŋ/. The word 'mantı' is the only example where /k/ is followed by /t/, not /k/ or /g/, so there is no change in the sound /n/. 'E' is the correct option.

If the words in Turkish end with a voiced sound, the initial consonant of the suffix therefore is also voiced. If the words end with a voiceless consonant, the initial consonant of the suffix becomes voiceless, too. This is called voicing assimilation. If the word "çiçek", for example, takes a suffix like "-ci", it turns into "-çi" when we pronounce it. The words in the other options all end with a voiced sound, so the suffixes they take do not change their forms. "C" is the correct option.

Suffixes with initial consonants other than stops and affricates do not assimilate in voicing. Consider the plural suffix –ler as an example. In the words af-lar and av-lar, the voicing of the root-final consonant remains the same. This example suggests that voicing assimilation, unlike place of articulation assimilation, is progressive (from left to right; going forward). It is the root-final sound that determines the voicing of the alternating suffix-initial consonant. "A" is the correct option.

Vowel Harmony can be considered a type of assimilation since neighboring vowels become alike to share common properties. So, the words "şişe, tekerlek, terlik, alet" have the plural suffix "-ler", whereas "toka" gets the plural suffix "-lar".

This is a rule called Final Devoicing Rule which states that voiced sounds become voiceless in word or syllable final position.

Place of articulation assimilation, then, means that the place of articulation of one sound becomes like the neighboring sound.

Voicing assimilation is a process whereby the voicing of a consonant becomes similar to that of the neighboring consonant.

Vowel Harmony can be considered a type of assimilation since neighboring vowels become alike to share common properties.

The root-vowels in the first group of words are /i, E, y, ø/. The property these vowels share is that they are all front vowels.

If the vowel of the suffix is not a high vowel (i.e., E), then it agrees in backness. This is called backness harmony.

The word in (IV) has two consonants together without an intervening vowel (called consonant cluster) in word-initial position which Turkish does not allow

Vowel Harmony can be considered a type of assimilation since neighboring vowels become alike to share common properties.