TÜRKÇE SES VE BİÇİM BİLGİSİ

Skriks cannot be Turkish because it has a non-permissible sound combination. It has two consonants together without an intervening vowel (called consonant cluster) in word-initial position which Turkish does not allow. A is the correct answer.

PHONOLOGY: All languages have rules about how speech is organized. These rules are language specific in that each language has its own phonological rules and a  phonological rule may occur in one language while not in other languages. Or, the same phonological rule may occur in different languages with some variations. B is the correct answer.

VOWEL HARMONY can be considered a type of assimilation process since neighboring vowels become alike to share common properties. There are two types of vowel harmony in Turkish; backness harmony and rounding harmony. If the vowel of the suffix is not a high vowel (i.e., E), then it agrees in backness. This is called backness harmony. This means that the suffix will have a front vowel with words containing front vowels in the last syllable and back vowel with words containing back vowels in the last syllable. If the vowel of the suffix is a high vowel, then it agrees in both backness and rounding. This is called rounding harmony. C is the correct answer.

Final devoicing rule in Turkish applies to syllable final voiced stops and affricate in the root. D is the correct answer.

Final Devoicing Rule states that voiced sounds become voiceless in word or syllable final position. In git, the underlying form of the final sound is /d/ as in gid, but after final devoicing applies to it, it changes into /t/ as in git in gitti. In all the others, it remains as /d/ as they do not undergo final devoicing. E is the correct answer.

Final devoicing rule in Turkish applies to syllable final voiced stops /b/, /d/, /g/ and affricate /dʒ/ in the root. A is the correct answer.

Place of articulation assimilation, then, means that the place of articulation of one sound becomes like the neighboring sound. In words such as ‘sand›k’, ‘tand›r’, ‘mendil’ /n/ is followed by an alveolar stop. As both /n/ and /d/ are alveolar sounds, there is no change in the realization of /n/, it remains as an alveolar nasal. When /n/ is followed by a velar stop /k/ or /g/, /n/ is realized as / ŋ/. This is the case in yangın. B is the correct answer.

Place of articulation assimilation in Turkish is regressive (from right to left; going backward) in that the consonant following the nasal determines the place of articulation. C is the correct answer.

There are two types of vowel harmony in Turkish; backness harmony and rounding harmony. If the vowel of the suffix is not a high vowel (i.e., E), then it agrees in backness. This is called backness harmony. This means that the suffix will have a front vowel with words containing front vowels in the last syllable and back vowel with words containing back vowels in the last syllable. At is word containing a non-fron vowel, Then, not to violate the backness harmony, the suffix must have the non-front vowel /a/ instead of the fronf vowel /ɛ/. D is the correct answer.

There are two types of vowel harmony in Turkish; backness harmony and rounding harmony. If the vowel of the suffix is a high vowel, then it agrees in both backness and rounding. This is called rounding harmony. /i, ɛ/ are unrounded front vowels, thus -i surfaces as [i] which is also an unrounded front vowel. /y, oe/ are rounded front vowels, hence –i surfaces as [y], a rounded front vowel. –i surfaces as [ɯ], an unrounded non-front vowel, with unrounded non-front vowels /ɯ, ʌ/, and as /u/, rounded non-front vowel with rounded non-front vowels /u/ and /o/. This suggest that when a suffix contains a high vowel, then it shares two common properties with the vowel of the word to which it is attached. In the given example, the root san- has an unrounded non-front vowel /ʌ/, then, following rounding harmony, the high suffix vowel must surface as [ɯ], not as [y]. E is the correct answer.

The word in (IV) has two consonants together without an
intervening vowel (called consonant cluster) in word-initial position which
Turkish does not allow. Turkish has borrowed words such as ‘spor’ which appears
to have a consonant cluster in word-initial position but it is not realized as such in
actual utterances. ‘Spor’ is pronounced as two syllables with a vowel in between
the two consonants, ‘s›-por’, thus not breaking the rules of Turkish. (V) also has
a consonant cluster in syllable-initial position.

In Turkish grammar books, final devoicing rule is stipulated as voiceless stops
and affricate becoming voiced when a suffix beginning with a vowel is attached.
When such a rule is applied to, for example, kitap → kitab-›, /p/ becomes /b/
because the accusative suffix –i is attached. However, this rule does not account
for words in which voiceless stops do not become voiced when vowel initial suffix
is attached as illustrated below.

When /n/ is followed by a velar stop /k/ or /g/, /n/ is realized as /N/. Because /N/ is not a distinct phoneme in Turkish, realization of /n/ as a velar nasal is not reflected in the orthography. If
you say the following words ‘nankör’, ‘dengi’, ‘sanki’, paying attention to what
you are doing with your tongue, you should notice that the back of your tongue
is at the velum for closure thus producing /N/. ‘Antalya’ and ‘Ankara’ may better
illustrate the difference between the two /n/’s. You should notice that the closure
you form for the two /n/ ’s is in different places. The /n/ in Antalya is formed at
the front of the mouth, at the alveolar ridge, while /n/ in Ankara is formed at the
back of the mouth – at the velum.

When the suffix –de (indicating location) is attached to a root, two different
forms with respect to the initial consonant, –de and –te surface (the difference in
the vowels will be discussed in the following section). The suffix surfaces as –de
in the first column but as –te in the second column. Can you explain why?
The words in the first column end with a voiced sound. /V, n, l, R, √/ are all
voiced. The initial consonant of the suffix –de therefore is also voiced. The words
in the second column, on the other hand, end with a voiceless consonant. /p, f,
k, s, S/ are all voiceless. Thus, the initial consonant of the suffix becomes voiceless,
-te. This is called voicing assimilation – voicing of the suffix agrees with the
voicing of the root final sound.

Although those suffixes which agree in voicing of the root final sound are stopinitial or affricate-initial suffixes, not all stop- and affricate-initial suffixes assimilate
in voicing. –ken, –sa are just a few examples which do not assimilate

The root-vowels in the first group of words are /i, E, y, ø/. The property these
vowels share is that they are all front vowels. Thus, the suffix –ler, which also
contains a front vowel, is attached. Conversely, the vowels in the second group,
/µ, a, o, u/, are all non-front vowels. Thus the plural suffix has the form –lar, with
a non-front vowel.

There are two types of vowel harmony in Turkish; backness harmony and
rounding harmony. If the vowel of the suffix is not a high vowel (i.e., E), then it
agrees in backness. This is called backness harmony. This means that the suffix
will have a front vowel with words containing front vowels in the last syllable and
back vowel with words containing back vowels in the last syllable.

when alveolar nasal is preceded by a velar (e.g., tekne [tEknE] not [tEkNE]) or bilabial stop (e.g., flebnem [SEbnEm] not [SEbmEm]), it does not assimilate in place of articulation suggesting that place of articulation is not a progressive process.

The words which have two consonants together without an
intervening vowel is called consonant cluster.

“Phonology is concerned with the organization of speech” (Clark and Yallop,
1991:2). Described as such, phonology deals with how sounds pattern together.
Each language has its own set of rules of which sounds can occur together and
which sounds cannot, which sounds can occur in which environment or position
within a word. This unit focuses on three major phonological processes in Turkish
and how the rules of those processes are described.