TÜRKÇE SES VE BİÇİM BİLGİSİ

The air passage above the larynx is known as the vocal tract. There are two cavities within the vocal tract: Oral tract and nasal tract. Therefore, the correct option is D.

The different parts of the vocal tract are called articulators. Articulators are the parts of the vocal tract that are used to produce sounds. Therefore, the correct option is A.

Consonants are described in terms of
• voicing (presence or absence of vocal cord vibration)
• place of articulation (where in the vocal tract sounds are produced)
• manner of articulation (how sounds are produced in terms of airflow)

Therefore, the correct option is E.

To be able to distinguish voiced consonants from voiceless ones, produce the sound /ssssss/, then follow it with /zzzzzz/. Then, alternate between /s/ and /z/ producing /sssszzzzsssszzzz…/. You should notice that both of these sounds are formed in the same way and in the same place. The only difference between /s/ and /z/ is voicing where /s/ is voiceless as there is no vocal cord vibration, /z/ is voiced as there is vocal cord vibration. Therefore, the correct option is E.

To be able to distinguish voiced consonants from voiceless ones, produce the sound /ssssss/, then follow it with /zzzzzz/. Then, alternate between /s/ and /z/ producing /sssszzzzsssszzzz…/. You should notice that both of these sounds are formed in the same way and in the same place. The only difference between /s/ and /z/ is voicing where /s/ is voiceless as there is no vocal cord vibration, /z/ is voiced as there is vocal cord vibration. You can feel vocal cord vibration by placing your finger on the Adam’s apple when you are producing /z/. You can also hear your vocal cords vibrate. Stop up your ears by putting your fingers on your ears. When you produce /z/ you should hear a buzzing sound which is vocal cord vibration. You can also try this with /f/ (voiceless) and /v/ (voiced). Therefore, the correct option is C.

Labiodental: lower lip and upper front teeth. Say the words fare and vali. To produce ‘f’ and ‘v’, lower lip is raised to touch the upper teeth. These sounds are therefore called labiodental sounds (labio meaning ‘lip’, dental referring to the ‘teeth’). IPA symbols for these sounds are /f/,/V/, respectively. Therefore, the correct option is A.

English has interdental consonants formed by placing the tip of the tongue between the teeth. In words such as thank and those, contrasted with tank and doze, the initial sounds are formed in such a way. The IPA symbols for these sounds are [θ] and [ð ]. [θ] in thank is voiceless whereas [ð ] in those is voiced. The number of places of articulation is of course finite but there are other places that languages of the world use. 
The word "father" is pronounced as /ˈfɑːðə(r)/. Therefore, the correct option is B.

Nasal: Complete obstruction in the oral tract with a lowered velum Nasals are also stops as the airstream is obstructed completely in the oral tract. In the case of the nasals, in contrast to oral stops, the velum is lowered so that the air escapes through the nose. To contrast oral stops from nasal stops (or called nasals shortly) say the sounds /b/ and /m/. Both /b/ and /m/ are bilabial sounds formed at the lips. Therefore, the correct option is C.

Labiodental: lower lip and upper front teeth. Say the words fare and vali. To produce ‘f’ and ‘v’, lower lip is raised to touch the upper teeth. These sounds are therefore called labiodental sounds (labio meaning ‘lip’, dental referring to the ‘teeth’). IPA symbols for these sounds are /f/,/V/, respectively. Therefore, the correct option is C.

/ŋ/ is a velar nasal produced by a complete obstruction in the oral tract by raising the back of the tongue to the velum. The words ‘sing’, ‘rang’, ‘doing’ have [ŋ] as the final sound. [ŋ] is generally spelled as ‘-ng’ in English. The sound [ŋ] cannot occur in word-initial position in English.

The word "thing" is pronounced as [θɪŋ]. Therefore, the correct option is D.

uvula , pharynx

tanık

limon

satış

nasal

Çalım

ceviz

defa

voiced palato-alveolar affricate

voiced fricated alveolar flap