TÜRKÇE SES VE BİÇİM BİLGİSİ

In your book, as is the tradition within linguistics, when referring to sounds, IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) is used. The reasons IPA, rather than letters, is used to represent sounds are twofold. One, letters are language specific. Each language may use different letters to represent the same sound. For example, the initial sounds of the Turkish word şair and the English word sheep are similar. But the two languages represent these similar sounds by using different symbols or letters; ş in Turkish, sh in English. Turkish is considered an orthographic language, a language that is written the way it is pronounced, or pronounced the way it is written. In the Turkish writing system, the letter ‘a’ always represents the same sound. But not all languages are orthographic and English is one of those languages which is not. In English, the letter ‘a’ is used in the following words, father, alive, all, fat, make, but each of the ‘a’s represent a different sound; a, ə, ɔ, æ, e, respectively. Examples from only these two languages show that the sound a letter represents is not predictable across languages (e.g., Turkish and English) as well as within a language (e.g., English). Therefore, a notational standard is needed whereby one symbol represents one sound not only within a language but also across languages. IPA provides such a standard. The second reason why IPA is used to represent sounds is that we want to be able to represent all the sounds that occur in the languages of the world. As letters are language specific, letters of a specific language cannot represent sounds that do not occur in that language. For example, how can we represent the initial sound of that in the Turkish writing system? Since Turkish does not have the sound represented as ‘th’, Turkish orthography cannot reflect the sound. A is the correct answer.

The study of sounds is important because sounds are the reflection of language which is the knowledge in the mind. Within the scope of phonetics, sounds that are relevant to speech are important. Sounds of laughter, pain, and excitement are not the focus of phonetics as the goal of phonetics is to arrive at a physical description of speech sounds that are linguistically relevant. Choice B is the correct answer.

Phonetics is concerned with the units of speech. More specifically, phonetics tries to arrive at a physical description of sounds. In the phonological component of the grammar, the sounds are stringed together where phonological rules apply. C is the correct answer.

In the phonological component of the grammar, the sounds are stringed together where phonological rules apply. Likewise, there are rules the Turkish past tense suffix undergoes just like the English plural suffix discussed in your book (p. 3). D is the correct answer.

In the phonological component of the grammar, the sounds are stringed together where phonological rules apply. Therefore, phonological representation is more abstract. The output of the phonological component is fed into the phonetic component. The output of the phonetic component, after the application of phonetic rules, is the realization of speech. In addition, the underlying representation and the surface realization of a form may be different. E is the correct answer.

In the phonological component, an underlying representation for each unit (i.e., words, affixes) is posited. The underlying representation is notated between slashes (/ /). The surface realization, on the other hand, is notated between square brackets ([ ]). Thus, A is the correct answer.

The surface realization of a form is its phonetic realization. Therefore, it is not abstract, but physical; it can be actually heard in speech and seen in writing. It does not refer to what’s in mind, but rather to what is in the mouth. B is the correct answer.

Word pairs airs such as ‘kap’ and ‘sap’ are called minimal pairs because the difference is only in one sound. This difference in one sound can be in other positions to form a minimal pair. In the given examples, only kat-sat differ in one sound. C is the correct answer.

Pairs such as ‘kap’ and ‘sap’ are called minimal pairs because the difference is only in one sound. This difference in one sound can be in other positions to form a minimal pair. ‘Kel’ and ‘kal’ is  a minimal pair showing that /e/ and /a/ are phonemes. ‘Sap’ and ‘sat’ is a minimal pair showing that /p/ and /t/ are phonemes. In each of these pairs, a change in one sound, the other sounds being the same, changes the meaning of the word. Thus those sounds are phonemes as they change the meaning. Likewise, pak-bak is another minimal pair in Turkish showing that /p/ and /b/ are phonemes. They change the meaning of the whole Word when substituted for one another. D is the correct answer.

Allophone is a variation of a sound which does not cause a change in the meaning of a word. Allophones are generally predictable in that one allophone occurs in one environment while the other occurs in a different environment. E is the correct answer.

How sounds are combined to form a meaningful utterance is the
concern of phonology.

If we say that there are three separate plural suffixes, ‘s’ (as in cats), ‘z’ (as in dogs), and ‘ız’ (as in buses), then that would suggest that each word and its plural form is memorized separately as unanalyzable wholes. There is evidence that that is not the case – when a native speaker is given the singular form of a word that s/he has never
heard before, a nonsense word (a word that has no meaning) for example, and
asked to produce the plural form, s/he would produce the correct pronunciation.
This suggests that the underlying representation of the plural form is /s/ while
its phonetic realization, or surface realization, may be [s] or [z] or [´z]. Thus the
underlying representation and the surface realization may be different

The underlying representation is notated between slashes (/ /). Thus /s/ would indicate that that is the underlying representation of the English plural suffix.

Pairs such as ‘kap’ and ‘sap’ are called minimal pairs because the difference
is only in one sound. This difference in one sound can be in other positions to
form a minimal pair. ‘Kel’ and ‘kal’ are minimal pairs showing that /e/ and /a/ are
phonemes

Thus, if the /k/ in ‘kil’ is produced further back in the mouth as a velarsound it may sound funny or not native-like, but it would still be kil with the meaning of kil. We could then say that /k/ in Turkish has two different surface realizations or two variations, [c] and [k]. Such variations which do not change the meaning are called allophones. Allophone is then a variation of a sound which does not cause a change in the meaning of a word.

Articulation: movement of organs in the vocal tract

Turkish is considered an orthographic language, a language that is written the way it is pronounced, or pronounced the way it is written.

Turkish is considered an orthographic language, a language that is written the way it is pronounced, or pronounced the way it is written.

In linguistics, when referring to sounds, IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) is used.

Some properties of languages are idiosyncratic in that they are not predictable